O'Driscoll Ciara, Owodunni Olamide, Asghar Umar
School of Engineering, University of Wollongong Dubai, UOWD Building, Dubai Knowledge Park, Dubai, P.O.Box 20183, United Arab Emirates.
Heliyon. 2024 Feb 27;10(5):e26777. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26777. eCollection 2024 Mar 15.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing creates components by layering extruded material. Printer parameters such as layer height and infill density can greatly impact the mechanical properties and quality of the printed parts. One critical factor to be considered in analysis is the anisotropy nature of printed components, considering all cross-sectional area (CSA) profiles for less than 100% infill density. This paper investigates the effect of the anisotropy nature of 3D printed CSA has on stress calculations and hence mechanical properties of the specimen through Design of Experiment (DOE). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is utilised to evaluate the results. Printed specimens were tensile tested as per ASTM D638-14. Raw data was analysed using various CSA profiles, taking changes in infill density and layer height into account. Fixed parameter such as shell count, top and bottom layers, nozzle diameter, Hexagonal pattern were defined. Specimens Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) values increased on average by 30% using average profile CSA data compared to using external specimen dimensions. Further analysis assessing printer parameters affect on recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET) specimen's Young's Modulus (YM) and UTS was studied. One significant finding from this study suggests that the thickness of each layer has the most significant impact on the material properties of 3D printed rPET, as observed through the analysis of tensile test data obtained from 3D printed samples. A 3D printed rPET specimen with 30% infill density and 0.25 mm layer height has a higher YM (1175 MPa) and UTS (39 MPa) compared to a specimen with 75% infill density and 0.1 mm layer height (1159 MPa, 31 MPa). However careful interpretation of the results is required because for the same 30% infill parameter at 0.2 mm layer height the YM (936 MPa) and UTM (28 MPa) are significantly lower than at 0.25 mm layer height. If a higher value of YM and UTS is required an infill setting of 50% and layer height of 0.25 mm gave the highest values, YM (1330 MPa) and UTS (43 MPa).
熔融沉积建模（FDM）3D打印通过逐层挤压材料来制造部件。诸如层高和填充密度等打印机参数会对打印部件的机械性能和质量产生重大影响。在分析中需要考虑的一个关键因素是打印部件的各向异性特性，要考虑所有小于100%填充密度的横截面面积（CSA）轮廓。本文通过实验设计（DOE）研究3D打印CSA的各向异性特性对应力计算以及试样机械性能的影响。利用方差分析（ANOVA）来评估结果。按照ASTM D638 - 14对打印试样进行拉伸测试。考虑填充密度和层高的变化，使用各种CSA轮廓对原始数据进行分析。定义了诸如壳层数、顶层和底层、喷嘴直径、六边形图案等固定参数。与使用外部试样尺寸相比，使用平均轮廓CSA数据时，试样的极限拉伸强度（UTS）值平均提高了30%。进一步分析了评估打印机参数对回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（rPET）试样的杨氏模量（YM）和UTS的影响。通过对从3D打印样品获得的拉伸测试数据进行分析发现，这项研究的一个重要发现是，每层的厚度对3D打印rPET的材料性能影响最为显著。与填充密度为75%、层高为0.1毫米（1159兆帕，31兆帕）的试样相比，填充密度为30%、层高为0.25毫米的3D打印rPET试样具有更高的YM（1175兆帕）和UTS（39兆帕）。然而，由于对于层高为0.2毫米的相同30%填充参数，YM（936兆帕）和UTM（28兆帕）明显低于层高为0.25毫米时的数值，所以需要仔细解读结果。如果需要更高的YM和UTS值，填充设置为50%且层高为0.25毫米时可得到最高值，即YM（1330兆帕）和UTS（43兆帕）。
