Hemoglobin Microbubbles and the Prediction of Different Oxygen Levels Using RF Data and Deep Learning.

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) are gas-encapsulated microspheres that oscillate volumetrically when exposed to an ultrasound field producing backscattered signals efficiently, which can be used for improved ultrasound imaging and drug delivery applications. We developed a novel oxygen-sensitive hemoglobin-shell microbubble designed to acoustically detect blood oxygen levels. We hypothesize that structural change in hemoglobin caused due to varying oxygen levels in the body can lead to mechanical changes in the shell of the UCA. This can produce detectable changes in the acoustic response that can be used for measuring oxygen levels in the body. In this study, we have shown that oxygenated hemoglobin microbubbles can be differentiated from deoxygenated hemoglobin microbubbles using a 1D convolutional neural network using radiofrequency (RF) data. We were able to classify RF data from oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin microbubbles into the two classes with a testing accuracy of 90.15%. The results suggest that oxygen content in hemoglobin affects the acoustical response and may be used for determining oxygen levels and thus could open many applications, including evaluating hypoxic regions in tumors and the brain, among other blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging applications.