Chaney Robert A, Baer Alyssa, Tovar L Ida
Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Violence Gend. 2024 Mar 1;11(1):35-42. doi: 10.1089/vio.2023.0027. Epub 2024 Mar 11.
Fear of crime can influence our view of and experience with the world around us. This can be problematic for individuals seeking physical activity, including from walk commuting. Prior work shows fear is especially evident among women, who report fear of rape and sexual abuse by men as a primary concern. We present the results of a cross-sectional survey ( = 571) where participants were shown images from college campus ( = 4 campuses) depicting different lighting (daytime, nighttime), and entrapment levels (high, low; i.e., able to easily escape if needed, with high entrapment being difficult and low being easy), and using the Qualtrics heat map tool, selected features that stood out to them most. Data were segregated by gender and analyzed to determine similarity of heat maps for the same base image. Heat map images were analyzed using canonical correlation () to determine the relationship between the two groups; dispersion testing to decipher spatial uniformity within the images; the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) to characterize the nature of image patterns differences; and, the Breslow-Day Test to specify pattern locations within images. Several heat map images are also presented in the results. Overall, female and male participants appear to "see" different things when imagining walk-commuting (as seen by poor values) and the nature of what they were looking at were different (as seen by poor SSIM values). Female participants tended to focus on areas outside the walking path, such as bushes and dark areas, whereas men's focus was on the path ahead [(1) = 4.29, = 0.04]. Furthermore, women were more likely to select areas outside the walking path during high entrapment settings [(1) = 15.49, < 0.001] and at nighttime [(1) = 4.98, = 0.02]. Our study demonstrates point-of-view differences in female-male walking space assessments. Viewing walking safety through the lens of lived experience could be productive for holistic community walking safety.
对犯罪的恐惧会影响我们对周围世界的看法和体验。这对于寻求体育活动的个人，包括步行上下班的人来说可能会产生问题。先前的研究表明，恐惧在女性中尤为明显，她们将对男性强奸和性虐待的恐惧视为主要担忧。我们展示了一项横断面调查（n = 571）的结果，在该调查中，向参与者展示了来自大学校园（n = 4个校园）的图像，这些图像描绘了不同的光照条件（白天、夜晚）和被困程度（高、低；即如果需要能够轻松逃脱，高被困程度表示困难，低被困程度表示容易），并使用Qualtrics热图工具，让他们选择最突出的特征。数据按性别进行分类，并进行分析以确定相同基础图像的热图的相似性。使用典型相关性（canonical correlation）分析热图图像，以确定两组之间的关系；进行离散测试以解读图像内的空间均匀性；使用结构相似性指数（SSIM）来表征图像模式差异的性质；以及使用布雷斯洛-戴检验（Breslow-Day Test）来指定图像内模式的位置。结果中还展示了几幅热图图像。总体而言，女性和男性参与者在想象步行上下班时似乎“看到”了不同的东西（从较差的典型相关性值可以看出），而且他们所关注内容的性质也不同（从较差的结构相似性指数值可以看出）。女性参与者倾向于关注步行路径之外的区域，如灌木丛和黑暗区域，而男性则关注前方的路径[F(1) = 4.29, p = 0.04]。此外，在高被困程度的环境中[(F(1) = 15.49, p < 0.001)]以及在夜间[(F(1) = 4.98, p = 0.02)]，女性更有可能选择步行路径之外的区域。我们的研究证明了男女在步行空间评估中的视角差异。从生活经验的角度看待步行安全可能有助于全面提升社区步行安全。
