On the nomenclatural status of type genera in Coleoptera (Insecta).

More than 4700 nominal family-group names (including names for fossils and ichnotaxa) are nomenclaturally available in the order Coleoptera. Since each family-group name is based on the concept of its type genus, we argue that the stability of names used for the classification of beetles depends on accurate nomenclatural data for each type genus. Following a review of taxonomic literature, with a focus on works that potentially contain type species designations, we provide a synthesis of nomenclatural data associated with the type genus of each nomenclaturally available family-group name in Coleoptera. For each type genus the author(s), year of publication, and page number are given as well as its current status (i.e., whether treated as valid or not) and current classification. Information about the type species of each type genus and the type species fixation (i.e., fixed originally or subsequently, and if subsequently, by whom) is also given. The original spelling of the family-group name that is based on each type genus is included, with its author(s), year, and stem. We append a list of nomenclaturally available family-group names presented in a classification scheme. Because of the importance of the Principle of Priority in zoological nomenclature, we provide information on the date of publication of the references cited in this work, when known. Several nomenclatural issues emerged during the course of this work. We therefore appeal to the community of coleopterists to submit applications to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (henceforth "Commission") in order to permanently resolve some of the problems outlined here. The following changes of authorship for type genera are implemented here (these changes do not affect the concept of each type genus): CHRYSOMELIDAE: Crotch, 1870 (previously credited to "Clavareau, 1913"); CICINDELIDAE: W.S. MacLeay, 1825 (previously credited to "Dejean, 1825"); COCCINELLIDAE: Reiche, 1848 (previously credited to "Mulsant, 1850"); CURCULIONIDAE: Boisduval, 1835 (previously credited to "Guérin-Méneville, 1838"); ELATERIDAE: Gemminger, 1869 (previously credited to "Bonvouloir, 1871"); EUCNEMIDAE: Gemminger, 1869 (previously credited to "Bonvouloir, 1871"), Gemminger, 1869 (previously credited to "Bonvouloir, 1871"); LUCANIDAE: Hellwig, 1791 (previously credited to "Hellwig, 1792"); PASSALIDAE: Harold, 1868 (previously credited to "Kaup, 1869"), Harold, 1868 (previously credited to "Kaup, 1869"), Harold, 1868 (previously credited to "Kaup, 1869"), Harold, 1868 (previously credited to "Kaup, 1869"), Harold, 1868 (previously credited to "Kaup, 1869"), Harold, 1868 (previously credited to "Kaup, 1869"); PTINIDAE: Leach, 1819 (previously credited to "Curtis, 1828"); PYROCHROIDAE: Germar, 1818 (previously credited to "Germar, 1825"); SCARABAEIDAE: Dejean, 1833 (previously "Brullé, 1838"). The following changes of type species were implemented following the discovery of older type species fixations (these changes do not pose a threat to nomenclatural stability): BOLBOCERATIDAE: Erichson, 1841 for Boucomont, 1911 (previously Mulsant, 1842); BUPRESTIDAE: Hope, 1843 for Saunders, 1868 (previously Hope, 1846), Laporte & Gory, 1837 for Laporte & Gory, 1837 (previously Boisduval, 1835); CARABIDAE: Fabricius, 1801 for Bonelli, 1810 (previously Herbst, 1784 sensu Fabricius, 1792); CERAMBYCIDAE: Fabricius, 1792 for Audinet-Serville, 1832 (previously Fabricius, 1781); CHRYSOMELIDAE: Fabricius, 1798 for Dejean, 1821 (previously Fabricius, 1801), Latreille, 1807 for Dalman, 1824 (previously Fabricius, 1787), Paykull, 1799 for Latreille, 1829 (previously Linnaeus, 1758); COCCINELLIDAE: Herbst, 1783 for Kugelann, 1798 (previously Herbst, 1783); CRYPTOPHAGIDAE: G.-A. Olivier, 1790 for Heer, 1841 (previously Fallén, 1802), Marsham, 1802 for Stephens, 1829 (previously Paykull, 1798); CURCULIONIDAE: Herbst, 1794 for Erichson, 1836 (previously Gyllenhal, 1813); DERMESTIDAE: Fabricius, 1787 for Latreille, 1802 (previously Linnaeus, 1758); ELATERIDAE: Fabricius, 1777 for Eschscholtz, 1829 (previously Eschscholtz, 1829); ENDOMYCHIDAE: Chevrolat, 1835 for Chevrolat, 1836 (previously Guérin-Méneville, 1834); EROTYLIDAE: Fabricius, 1787 for Latreille, 1797 (previously Thunberg, 1781); EUCNEMIDAE: Perroud & Montrouzier, 1865 for Gemminger, 1869 (previously Bonvouloir, 1871); GLAPHYRIDAE: Fabricius, 1792 for Latreille, 1802 (previously Linnaeus, 1758); HISTERIDAE: Forster, 1771 for Leach, 1817 (previously Moll, 1784); LAMPYRIDAE: E. Olivier, 1900 for E. Olivier, 1900 (previously E. Olivier, 1900); LUCANIDAE: Fabricius, 1787 for Westwood, 1855 (previously Westwood, 1855); MELANDRYIDAE: G.-A. Olivier, 1812 for G.-A. Olivier, 1812 (previously G.-A. Olivier, 1812); MELYRIDAE: Fabricius, 1787 for Stephens, 1830 (previously Linnaeus, 1767); NITIDULIDAE: Fabricius, 1787 for Kugelann, 1794 (previously Herbst, 1792); OEDEMERIDAE: Fabricius, 1787 for Fischer, 1817 (previously Fischer, 1817 [sic]); PHALACRIDAE: Fabricius, 1792 for Erichson, 1845 (previously Fabricius, 1792); RHIPICERIDAE: Knoch, 1801 for Knoch, 1801 (previously Knoch, 1801); SCARABAEIDAE: G.-A. Olivier, 1792 for Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (previously Weber, 1801); W. Kirby, 1825 for W. Kirby, 1825 (previously W. Kirby, 1825); Illiger, 1803 for Dejean, 1821 (previously Illiger, 1803); STAPHYLINIDAE: Linnaeus, 1758 for Stephens, 1829 (previously Fabricius, 1792); ZOPHERIDAE: Linnaeus, 1767 for Latreille, 1797 (previously DeGeer, 1775). The discovery of type species fixations that are older than those currently accepted pose a threat to nomenclatural stability (an application to the Commission is necessary to address each problem): CANTHARIDAE: Latreille, 1805, Kiesenwetter, 1852; CARABIDAE: Erichson, 1837, Bonelli, 1810, Latreille, 1802, Latreille, 1802, Solier, 1834, Clairville, 1806; CERAMBYCIDAE: Latreille, 1816, Fabricius, 1775, Audinet-Serville, 1834, Dalman, 1817, Linnaeus, 1758, Latreille, 1829, Haldeman, 1847; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Thunberg, 1815, Stephens, 1831, Knoch, 1801, Chevrolat, 1836, Chevrolat, 1836, Suffrian, 1847; COLONIDAE: Herbst, 1797; CURCULIONIDAE: Erichson, 1836, Germar, 1817; ELATERIDAE: Latreille, 1829, Eschscholtz, 1829; ENDOMYCHIDAE: Germar, 1843, Latreille, 1829; GLAPHYRIDAE: Eschscholtz, 1818; HISTERIDAE: Paykull, 1811, Eschscholtz, 1829; LEIODIDAE: Panzer, 1796, Sharp, 1878, Latreille, 1797; LYCIDAE: Laporte, 1838, Latreille, 1829; MELOIDAE: Dejean, 1834; NITIDULIDAE: Herbst, 1792; SCARABAEIDAE: Schönherr, 1817, Eschscholtz, 1818, Dejean, 1821, Burmeister, 1842, Schönherr, 1817, Dejean, 1821, Burmeister, 1842, Hope, 1837; STAPHYLINIDAE: Aubé, 1833, Heer, 1840, Linnaeus, 1758; TENEBRIONIDAE: Illiger, 1798, Guérin-Méneville, 1827. Type species are fixed for the following nominal genera: ANTHRIBIDAE: Labram & Imhoff, 1840 for Labram & Imhoff, 1840; CARABIDAE: Dejean, 1828 for J.L. LeConte, 1853; CERAMBYCIDAE: Boisduval, 1835 for Boisduval, 1835; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Pic, 1913 for Pic, 1916, Linnaeus, 1758 for Gistel, 1856, Erichson, 1847 for Erichson, 1847, Guérin-Méneville, 1840 for Guérin- Méneville, 1840; CLERIDAE: Linnaeus, 1758 for Gistel, 1856; CORYLOPHIDAE: J.L. LeConte, 1852 for A. Matthews, 1885; CURCULIONIDAE: Chevrolat, 1878 for Chevrolat, 1878; Casey, 1922 for Casey, 1922; ELATERIDAE: Candèze, 1865 for Champion, 1896; PHYCOSECIDAE: Pascoe, 1875 for Pascoe, 1875; PTILODACTYLIDAE: Guérin-Méneville, 1849 for Guérin-Méneville, 1849, Klug, 1837 for Klug, 1837; PTINIDAE: Chevrolat, 1832 for Gistel, 1856; SCARABAEIDAE: Erichson, 1840 for Erichson, 1840, Burmeister, 1855 for Erichson, 1847, Erichson, 1847 for Erichson, 1847, Burmeister, 1855 for Burmeister, 1855. New replacement name: CERAMBYCIDAE: Bouchard & Bousquet, for Harold, 1879. New status: CARABIDAE: KRYZHANOVSKIANINI Deuve, 2020, is given the rank of tribe instead of subfamily since our classification uses the rank of subfamily for PAUSSINAE rather than family rank; CERAMBYCIDAE: Pascoe, 1866, is used as valid over Marinoni, 1977, Blanchard, 1851, is used as valid over Monné, 2012; CURCULIONIDAE: Schönherr, 1835, is used as valid over the unnecessary new replacement name Lacordaire, 1863; EUCNEMIDAE: Lea, 1919, is used as valid instead of Gemminger, 1869, which is a junior homonym. Details regarding additional nomenclatural issues that still need to be resolved are included in the entry for each of these type genera: BOSTRICHIDAE: Fabricius, 1792; BRENTIDAE: Dejean, 1834; BUPRESTIDAE: Dejean, 1833; CANTHARIDAE: Hentz, 1830, Schäffer, 1766; CARABIDAE: Bonelli, 1810, Dejean, 1821, Guérin-Méneville, 1847, D.H. Schneider, 1791, Westwood, 1847, Chaudoir, 1850, Westwood, 1860, Clairville, 1806; CERAMBYCIDAE: J. Thomson, 1864, Audinet-Serville, 1834, Gistel, 1856, Newman, 1842; Dejean, 1835, J. Thomson, 1860, Laporte, 1840, Stephens, 1829, Erichson, 1842; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Schilsky, 1905, Hope, 1841, Chapuis, 1874; Chevrolat, 1836; Boheman, 1854, Hope, 1841; CLERIDAE: Schäffer, 1777; COCCINELLIDAE: Chevrolat, 1836, Mulsant, 1846, L. Redtenbacher, 1843; CURCULIONIDAE: Schönherr, 1837, Ritsema, 1885, Leach, 1819, Kirsch, 1869, Schönherr, 1833, Erichson, 1836; DYTISCIDAE: Sharp, 1882, Régimbart, 1879; EUCNEMIDAE: Latreille, 1834; HYBOSORIDAE: A. White, 1842; HYDROPHILIDAE: Erichson, 1837; LAMPYRIDAE: Laporte, 1833; LEIODIDAE: Hellwig, 1795; LUCANIDAE: Hope, 1838; LYCIDAE: Guérin-Méneville, 1830, Kazantsev, 2000; MELOIDAE: Fabricius, 1775; NITIDULIDAE: Stephens, 1829; PTILODACTYLIDAE: Laporte, 1838; SCARABAEIDAE: Arrow, 1940, Burmeister, 1844, Reitter, 1892, Gory & Percheron, 1833, Hope, 1837, Burmeister, 1842; STAPHYLINIDAE: Fauvel, 1871, Gravenhorst, 1802; STENOTRACHELIDAE: Berthold, 1827; TENEBRIONIDAE: Latreille, 1828, Dejean, 1834, Fabricius, 1775. First Reviser actions deciding the correct original spelling: CARABIDAE: Marcilhac, 1993 (not ); CERAMBYCIDAE: Gistel, 1856 (not ), EVODININI Zamoroka, 2022 (not EVODINIINI); CHRYSOMELIDAE: Jekel, 1855 (not ), Laboissière, 1937 (not ); CICINDELIDAE: Laporte, 1834 (not ); CLERIDAE: CORMODINA Bartlett, 2021 (not CORMODIINA), Spinola, 1845 (not , not ); CURCULIONIDAE: Boisduval, 1835 (not ), Poinar, 2009 (not ); DYTISCIDAE: Yang et al., 2019 and AMBARTICINI Yang et al., 2019 (not , not AMBRATICINI); LAMPYRIDAE: G.R. Gray, 1831 (not , not ); SCARABAEIDAE: Laporte, 1840 (not , not ), Semenov, 1889 (not ). While the correct identification of the type species is assumed, in some cases evidence suggests that species were misidentified when they were fixed as the type of a particular nominal genus. Following the requirements of Article 70.3.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature we hereby fix the following type species (which in each case is the taxonomic species actually involved in the misidentification): ATTELABIDAE: Gyllenhal, 1833 for Jekel, 1860; BOSTRICHIDAE: Pallas, 1772 for Fabricius, 1775; BRENTIDAE: Boheman, 1833 for Berthold, 1827; BUPRESTIDAE: Herbst, 1784 for Dejean, 1833; CARABIDAE: Schiødte, 1837 for Bonelli, 1810, Geoffroy, 1785 for Bonelli, 1810, Strøm, 1768 for Dejean, 1821, Creutzer, 1799 for Dejean, 1821, Schrank, 1781 for Dejean, 1821, Westwood, 1842 for Bonelli, 1813, G.-A. Olivier, 1795 for Dejean, 1821, Brullé, 1834 for Dejean, 1828; CERAMBYCIDAE: Linnaeus, 1767 for Dejean, 1835, Say, 1824 for J.L. LeConte, 1852; CICINDELIDAE: Chevrolat, 1858 for Klug, 1821; CURCULIONIDAE: Dietz, 1896 for J.L. LeConte, 1876; Schönherr, 1845 for Schönherr, 1838; GEOTRUPIDAE: Laxmann, 1770 for Scopoli, 1777; HISTERIDAE: Duftschmid, 1805 for C.G. Thomson, 1867; HYBOSORIDAE: Reiche, 1853 for W.S. MacLeay, 1819; HYDROPHILIDAE: G.-A. Olivier, 1793 for C.G. Thomson, 1859; MYCETAEIDAE: Fabricius, 1801 for Stephens, 1829; SCARABAEIDAE: Reiche, 1841 for Laporte, 1840, W.S. MacLeay, 1819 for W.S. MacLeay, 1819, Linnaeus, 1767 for Mulsant, 1842, Guérin-Méneville, 1838 for Hope, 1837; STAPHYLINIDAE: P.W.J. Müller & Kunze, 1822 for Latreille, 1802. New synonyms: CERAMBYCIDAE: CARILIINI Zamoroka, 2022, of ACMAEOPINI Della Beffa, 1915, DOLOCERINI Özdikmen, 2016, of BRACHYPTEROMINI Sama, 2008, PELOSSINI Tavakilian, 2013, of LYGRINI Sama, 2008, PROHOLOPTERINI Monné, 2012, of HOLOPTERINI Lacordaire, 1868.