The modification landscape of tRNAs.

RNA modifications have a substantial impact on tRNA function, with modifications in the anticodon loop contributing to translational fidelity and modifications in the tRNA core impacting structural stability. In bacteria, tRNA modifications are crucial for responding to stress and regulating the expression of virulence factors. Although tRNA modifications are well-characterized in a few model organisms, our knowledge of tRNA modifications in human pathogens, such as , remains limited. Here we leveraged two orthogonal approaches to build a reference landscape of tRNA modifications in , which enabled us to identify similar modifications in . Our analysis revealed a substantial degree of conservation between the two organisms, while also uncovering potential sites of tRNA modification in P. aeruginosa tRNAs that are not present in . The mutational signature at one of these sites, position 46 of tRNA is dependent on the homolog of TapT, the enzyme responsible for the 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine (acpU) modification. Identifying which modifications are present on different tRNAs will uncover the pathways impacted by the different tRNA modifying enzymes, some of which play roles in determining virulence and pathogenicity.