Kozieł Edmund, Otulak-Kozieł Katarzyna, Rusin Piotr
Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
Front Plant Sci. 2024 Mar 12;15:1373801. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1373801. eCollection 2024.
The interaction between plant hosts and plant viruses is a very unique and complex process, relying on dynamically modulated intercellular redox states and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants strive to precisely control this state during biotic stress, as optimal redox levels enable proper induction of defense mechanisms against plant viruses. One of the crucial elements of ROS regulation and redox state is the production of metabolites, such as glutathione, or the activation of glutathione-associated enzymes. Both of these elements play a role in limiting the degree of potential oxidative damage in plant cells. While the role of glutathione and specific enzymes is well understood in other types of abiotic and biotic stresses, particularly those associated with bacteria or fungi, recent advances in research have highlighted the significance of glutathione modulation and mutations in genes encoding glutathione-associated enzymes in triggering immunity or susceptibility against plant viruses. Apparently, glutathione-associated genes are involved in precisely controlling and protecting host cells from damage caused by ROS during viral infections, playing a crucial role in the host's response. In this review, we aim to outline the significant improvements made in research on plant viruses and glutathione, specifically in the context of their involvement in susceptible and resistant responses, as well as changes in the localization of glutathione. Analyses of essential glutathione-associated enzymes in susceptible and resistant responses have demonstrated that the levels of enzymatic activity or the absence of specific enzymes can impact the spread of the virus and activate host-induced defense mechanisms. This contributes to the complex network of the plant immune system. Although investigations of glutathione during the plant-virus interplay remain a challenge, the use of novel tools and approaches to explore its role will significantly contribute to our knowledge in the field.
植物宿主与植物病毒之间的相互作用是一个非常独特且复杂的过程，依赖于动态调节的细胞间氧化还原状态以及活性氧（ROS）的产生。在生物胁迫期间，植物努力精确控制这种状态，因为最佳的氧化还原水平能够恰当地诱导针对植物病毒的防御机制。ROS调节和氧化还原状态的关键要素之一是代谢物的产生，如谷胱甘肽，或谷胱甘肽相关酶的激活。这两个要素都在限制植物细胞潜在氧化损伤的程度方面发挥作用。虽然谷胱甘肽和特定酶在其他类型的非生物和生物胁迫中，特别是与细菌或真菌相关的胁迫中的作用已得到充分了解，但最近的研究进展突出了谷胱甘肽调节以及编码谷胱甘肽相关酶的基因突变在引发对植物病毒的免疫或易感性方面的重要性。显然，谷胱甘肽相关基因参与在病毒感染期间精确控制和保护宿主细胞免受ROS造成的损伤，在宿主反应中发挥关键作用。在本综述中，我们旨在概述植物病毒与谷胱甘肽研究方面取得的重大进展，特别是在它们参与易感和抗性反应以及谷胱甘肽定位变化的背景下。对易感和抗性反应中必需的谷胱甘肽相关酶的分析表明，酶活性水平或特定酶的缺失会影响病毒的传播并激活宿主诱导的防御机制。这有助于植物免疫系统的复杂网络。尽管在植物 - 病毒相互作用过程中对谷胱甘肽的研究仍然是一项挑战，但使用新颖的工具和方法来探索其作用将极大地增进我们在该领域的知识。
