The Effects of Temperature on the Development and Survival of (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a Significant Pest of Macadamia in South Africa.

Temperature is the most influential condition affecting insect development and population dynamics. Understanding its impact and other important factors, such as diet, could provide fine-scale predictions of species abundance and distribution in space and time. The two-spotted stink bug, Distant (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a significant pest of macadamia in South Africa for which limited information on developmental biology exists. Here, for the first time, variations in key developmental parameters of the biology were studied systematically. The developmental duration, survival rate, development rate, lower developmental threshold (T), optimum developmental threshold (T), upper developmental threshold (T), and thermal constant were quantified for each developmental stage of . In addition, the effect of diet (macadamia nut and sweetcorn) on the developmental duration and survival rate were quantified. This study was conducted at five constant temperatures (18, 21, 22, 25, and 29 °C) with relative humidity (RH) variations. The developmental duration from egg to adult decreased significantly with increased temperature: 21 °C (±60 days) to 29 °C (±32 days). The survival rate was significantly different for instar 2 between temperatures. Nymphs (instars 2 and 4) developed faster on the sweetcorn diet than on a macadamia diet, but the total developmental time did not differ significantly between the diets. Development from egg to adult required 783 degree days (DD), with a T of 13.5 °C, T of 29.5 °C, and T of 38 °C. Ongoing global warming will increase the population growth of through increased development rate, resulting in more damage to macadamia nuts. Understanding the developmental biology and thresholds for the DD model of is fundamental for predicting its phenology and outbreaks in macadamia orchards.