Muluvhahothe Mulalo M, Joubert Elsje, Foord Stefan H
SARChI-Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
Levubu Center for Excellence, Private Bag X1001, Levubu 0929, South Africa.
Insects. 2024 Feb 23;15(3):152. doi: 10.3390/insects15030152.
Temperature is the most influential condition affecting insect development and population dynamics. Understanding its impact and other important factors, such as diet, could provide fine-scale predictions of species abundance and distribution in space and time. The two-spotted stink bug, Distant (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a significant pest of macadamia in South Africa for which limited information on developmental biology exists. Here, for the first time, variations in key developmental parameters of the biology were studied systematically. The developmental duration, survival rate, development rate, lower developmental threshold (T), optimum developmental threshold (T), upper developmental threshold (T), and thermal constant were quantified for each developmental stage of . In addition, the effect of diet (macadamia nut and sweetcorn) on the developmental duration and survival rate were quantified. This study was conducted at five constant temperatures (18, 21, 22, 25, and 29 °C) with relative humidity (RH) variations. The developmental duration from egg to adult decreased significantly with increased temperature: 21 °C (±60 days) to 29 °C (±32 days). The survival rate was significantly different for instar 2 between temperatures. Nymphs (instars 2 and 4) developed faster on the sweetcorn diet than on a macadamia diet, but the total developmental time did not differ significantly between the diets. Development from egg to adult required 783 degree days (DD), with a T of 13.5 °C, T of 29.5 °C, and T of 38 °C. Ongoing global warming will increase the population growth of through increased development rate, resulting in more damage to macadamia nuts. Understanding the developmental biology and thresholds for the DD model of is fundamental for predicting its phenology and outbreaks in macadamia orchards.
温度是影响昆虫发育和种群动态的最具影响力的条件。了解其影响以及其他重要因素，如食物，能够对物种在空间和时间上的丰度和分布进行精细预测。双斑臭虫（Distant，半翅目：蝽科）是南非澳洲坚果的一种重要害虫，但其发育生物学方面的信息有限。在此，首次系统研究了该虫生物学关键发育参数的变化。对其每个发育阶段的发育历期、存活率、发育速率、发育起点温度（T₀）、最适发育温度（Tₘ）、发育终点温度（Tₖ）以及热常数进行了量化。此外，还量化了食物（澳洲坚果和甜玉米）对发育历期和存活率的影响。本研究在五个恒定温度（18、21、22、25和29℃）以及相对湿度变化的条件下进行。从卵到成虫的发育历期随温度升高显著缩短：从21℃（约60天）到29℃（约32天）。不同温度下，2龄若虫的存活率存在显著差异。若虫（2龄和4龄）在甜玉米食物上的发育速度比在澳洲坚果食物上快，但两种食物之间的总发育时间没有显著差异。从卵到成虫的发育需要783度日（DD），发育起点温度为13.5℃，最适发育温度为29.5℃，发育终点温度为38℃。持续的全球变暖将通过提高发育速率增加双斑臭虫的种群增长，从而对澳洲坚果造成更多损害。了解双斑臭虫的发育生物学和度日模型阈值对于预测其在澳洲坚果果园的物候和爆发至关重要。
