Unveiling Shared Immune Responses in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages during ASFV and PRRSV Infection Using Single-Cell RNA-seq.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections lead to severe respiratory diseases in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses for the global swine industry. While numerous studies have focused on specific gene functions or pathway activities during infection, an investigation of shared immune responses in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) after ASFV and PRRSV infections was lacking. In this study, we conducted a comparison using two single-cell transcriptomic datasets generated from PAMs under ASFV and PRRSV infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) RIG-I (DDX58), MDA5 (IFIH1), and LGP2 (DHX58) were identified as particularly recognizing ASFV and PRRSV, triggering cellular defense responses, including the upregulation of four cytokine families (CCL, CXCL, IL, and TNF) and the induction of pyroptosis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis, we identified thirteen gene and protein interactions shared by both scRNA-seq analyses, suggesting the ability to inhibit both ASFV and PRRSV viral replication. We discovered six proteins (PARP12, PARP14, HERC5, DDX60, RSAD2, and MNDA) in PAMs as inhibitors of ASFV and PRRSV replication. Collectively, our findings showed detailed characterizations of the immune responses in PAMs during ASFV and PRRSV infections, which may facilitate the treatments of these viral diseases.