Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
J Cell Physiol. 2022 Jan;237(1):161-168. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30553. Epub 2021 Aug 13.
Exosomes are released from a variety of immune cells and nonimmune cells, the phospholipid vesicle bilayer membrane structure actively secreted into tissues. Recently, exosomes were demonstrated to be effectively delivered proteins, cholesterol, lipids, and amounts of DNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNAs to a target cell or tissue from a host cell. These can be detected in blood, urine, exhaled breath condensates, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid. BALF is a clinical examination method for obtaining alveolar cells and biochemical components, reflecting changes in the lungs, so it is also called liquid biopsy. Exosomes from BALF become a new method for intercellular communication and well-documented in various pulmonary diseases. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), BALF exosomes can predict the degree of COPD damage and serve as an effective monitoring indicator for airflow limitation and airway remodeling. It also mediates antigen presentation in the airways to the adaptive immune system as well as costimulatory effects. Furthermore, BALF exosomes from acute lung injury and infective diseases are closely related to various infections and lack of oxygen status. BALF exosomes play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer. The effect of immunomodulatory role for BALF exosomes in adaptive and innate immune responses has been studied in sarcoidosis. The intercellular communication in the microenvironment of BALF exosomes in pulmonary fibrosis and lung remodeling have been studied. In this review, we summarize the novel findings of exosomes in BALF, executed function by protein, miRNA, DNA cytokine, and so on in several pulmonary diseases.
外泌体由多种免疫细胞和非免疫细胞释放，是主动分泌到组织中的磷脂双分子囊泡。最近，外泌体被证明可以有效地将蛋白质、胆固醇、脂质和大量 DNA、mRNA 和非编码 RNA 从宿主细胞递送到靶细胞或组织中。这些可以在血液、尿液、呼出气冷凝液、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）、腹水和脑脊液中检测到。BALF 是一种获取肺泡细胞和生化成分的临床检查方法，反映肺部的变化，因此也被称为液体活检。BALF 中的外泌体成为细胞间通讯的新方法，并在各种肺部疾病中有充分的记载。在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）中，BALF 外泌体可以预测 COPD 损害的程度，并作为气流受限和气道重塑的有效监测指标。它还介导气道中的抗原呈递给适应性免疫系统以及共刺激作用。此外，急性肺损伤和感染性疾病的 BALF 外泌体与各种感染和缺氧状态密切相关。BALF 外泌体在肺癌的诊断和预后中起着重要作用。BALF 外泌体在适应性和先天免疫反应中的免疫调节作用的研究在结节病中进行。BALF 外泌体在肺纤维化和肺重塑的微环境中的细胞间通讯也进行了研究。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 BALF 中外泌体的新发现，以及它们通过蛋白质、miRNA、DNA 细胞因子等在几种肺部疾病中发挥的作用。
