Ramachandran Aparna, Dhar Rajib, Devi Arikketh
Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2024 Apr 15;7(4):2128-2139. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00089. Epub 2024 Apr 3.
Cancer research has made significant progress in recent years, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) based cancer investigation reveals several facts about cancer. Exosomes are a subpopulation of EVs. In the present decade, exosomes is mostly highlighted for cancer theranostic research. Tumor cell derived exosomes (TEXs) promote cancer but there are multiple sources of exosomes that can be used as cancer therapeutic agents (plant exosomes, stem cell-derived exosomes, modified or synthetic exosomes). Stem cells based regenerative medicine faces numerous challenges, such as promote tumor development, cellular reprogramming etc., and therefore addressing these complications becomes essential. Stem cell-derived exosomes serves as an answer to these problems and offers a better solution. Global research indicates that stem cell-derived exosomes also play a dual role in the cellular system by either inhibiting or promoting cancer. Modified exosomes which are genetically engineered exosomes or surface modified exosomes to increase the efficacy of the therapeutic properties can also be considered to target the above concerns. However, the difficulties associated with the exosomes include variations in exosomes heterogenity, isolation protocols, large scale production, etc., and these have to be managed effectively. In this review, we explore exosomes biogenesis, multiple stem cell-derived exosome sources, drug delivery, modified stem cells exosomes, clinical trial of stem cells exosomes, and the related challenges in this domain and future orientation. This article may encourage researchers to explore stem cell-derived exosomes and develop an effective and affordable cancer therapeutic solution.
近年来癌症研究取得了重大进展，基于细胞外囊泡（EVs）的癌症研究揭示了一些关于癌症的事实。外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一个亚群。在当前十年，外泌体在癌症诊疗研究中备受关注。肿瘤细胞衍生的外泌体（TEXs）会促进癌症发展，但也有多种外泌体来源可作为癌症治疗剂（植物外泌体、干细胞衍生的外泌体、修饰或合成的外泌体）。基于干细胞的再生医学面临诸多挑战，如促进肿瘤发展、细胞重编程等，因此解决这些并发症至关重要。干细胞衍生的外泌体为这些问题提供了答案并提供了更好的解决方案。全球研究表明，干细胞衍生的外泌体在细胞系统中也发挥着双重作用，既可以抑制癌症，也可以促进癌症。经过基因工程改造的外泌体或表面修饰的外泌体，以提高治疗特性的功效，也可被视为针对上述问题的解决方案。然而，与外泌体相关的困难包括外泌体异质性、分离方案、大规模生产等方面的差异，这些都必须得到有效管理。在本综述中，我们探讨了外泌体的生物发生、多种干细胞衍生的外泌体来源、药物递送、修饰的干细胞外泌体、干细胞外泌体的临床试验，以及该领域的相关挑战和未来方向。本文可能会鼓励研究人员探索干细胞衍生的外泌体，并开发出一种有效且经济实惠的癌症治疗解决方案。
