Dilute gluconic acid pretreatment and fermentation of wheat straw to ethanol.

Gluconic acid's potential as a wheat straw pretreatment agent was studied at different concentrations (0.125-1 M) and temperatures (160-190 °C) for 30 min, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. 0.125 M gluconic acid, 170 °C, yielded the highest xylose output, while 0.5 M gluconic acid at 190 °C yielded the best glucose yield. A fraction of gluconic acid decomposed during pretreatment. Detoxified hemicellulose hydrolysate from 0.125 M gluconate at 170 °C for 60 min showed promise for ethanol production. The gluconate contained in the detoxified hemicellulose hydrolysate can be fermented to ethanol along with other hemicellulose sugars present by Escherichia coli SL100. The ethanol yield from gluconate and sugars was about 90.4 ± 1.8%. The pretreated solids can be effectively converted to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with the cellulase and β-glucosidase addition. The ethanol yield achieved was 92.8 ± 2.0% of the theoretical maximum. The cellulose conversion was about 70.8 ± 0.8%.