Harris Jordan L, LeBeau Brandon, Petersen Isaac T
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA.
Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa, IA, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2025 May;37(2):836-858. doi: 10.1017/S0954579424000713. Epub 2024 Apr 8.
Reactive and control processes - e.g., negative emotionality and immediacy preference - may predict distinct psychopathology trajectories. However, externalizing and internalizing problems change in behavioral manifestation across development and across contexts, thus necessitating the use of different measures and informants across ages. This is the first study that created developmental scales for both internalizing and externalizing problems by putting scores from different informants and measures onto the same scale to examine temperament facets as risk factors. Multidimensional linking allowed us to examine trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from ages 2 to 15 years ( = 1,364) using near-annual ratings by mothers, fathers, teachers, other caregivers, and self report. We examined reactive and control processes in early childhood as predictors of the trajectories and as predictors of general versus specific psychopathology in adolescence. Negative emotionality at age 4 predicted general psychopathology and unique externalizing problems at age 15. Wait times on an immediacy preference task at age 4 were negatively associated with age 15 general psychopathology, and positively associated with unique internalizing problems. Findings demonstrate the value of developmental scaling for examining development of psychopathology across a lengthy developmental span and the importance of considering reactive and control processes in development of psychopathology.
反应性和控制性过程——例如，消极情绪和即时性偏好——可能预测不同的精神病理学发展轨迹。然而，外化问题和内化问题在整个发展过程以及不同情境中的行为表现会发生变化，因此在不同年龄段需要使用不同的测量方法和信息提供者。这是第一项通过将来自不同信息提供者和测量方法的分数放在同一量表上，为内化问题和外化问题创建发展量表，以检验气质维度作为风险因素的研究。多维度链接使我们能够使用母亲、父亲、教师、其他照顾者的近年度评分以及自我报告，来考察2至15岁（n = 1364）内化问题和外化问题的发展轨迹。我们考察了幼儿期的反应性和控制性过程，作为发展轨迹的预测因素以及青少年期一般精神病理学与特定精神病理学的预测因素。4岁时的消极情绪预测了15岁时的一般精神病理学和独特的外化问题。4岁时即时性偏好任务中的等待时间与15岁时的一般精神病理学呈负相关，与独特的内化问题呈正相关。研究结果证明了发展量表在考察漫长发展跨度内精神病理学发展方面的价值，以及在精神病理学发展中考虑反应性和控制性过程的重要性。
