Heinze Henning, Daseking Monika, Gawrilow Caterina, Gunzenhauser Catherine, Karbach Julia, Ulitzka Bianca, Kerner Auch Koerner Julia
Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
IDeA - Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt, Germany.
Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2025 Jun 26:1-17. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2025.2519862.
Reactive temperament traits, such as negative affect and surgency, interact with self-regulatory abilities, including effortful control and executive function, to shape psychopathological symptoms. In a cross-sectional sample of 416 preschool children (-age = 4.15 years; = 0.88; 218 girls), temperament was assessed using the Child Behavior Questionnaire, executive function deficits with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool, performance-based EF with the EF-Touch battery, and psychopathological symptoms with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Moderation analyses revealed no significant interaction effects. However, hierarchical regression analyses conducted separately by age showed age-specific patterns. Reactive traits (Negative Affect, Surgency) were particularly associated with symptoms at age 3, while executive dysfunction became more relevant at ages 4 and 5. Negative affect was most relevant for emotional symptoms in older children, while Surgency predicted ADHD and early conduct problem. Peer problems were least associated with temperament and showed increasing ties to executive dysfunction. The strongest effects were observed for ADHD ( = 0.61), followed by emotional symptoms ( = 0.45). These findings highlight the importance of considering temperament and self-regulation in combination and in relation to specific symptom domains. This supports dimensional, domain-sensitive models of psychopathology and has implications for individualized prevention and intervention.
反应性气质特质，如消极情绪和外向性，与自我调节能力相互作用，包括努力控制和执行功能，从而塑造心理病理症状。在一个由416名学龄前儿童组成的横断面样本中（年龄 = 4.15岁；标准差 = 0.88；218名女孩），使用儿童行为问卷评估气质，使用执行功能行为评定量表 - 学龄前版评估执行功能缺陷，使用EF - Touch电池组评估基于表现的执行功能，并使用长处和困难问卷评估心理病理症状。调节分析未发现显著的交互作用。然而，按年龄分别进行的分层回归分析显示出特定年龄模式。反应性特质（消极情绪、外向性）在3岁时与症状特别相关，而执行功能障碍在4岁和5岁时变得更相关。消极情绪与大龄儿童的情绪症状最相关，而外向性预测多动症和早期行为问题。同伴问题与气质的关联最小，且与执行功能障碍的联系日益增加。对多动症的影响最强（r = 0.61），其次是情绪症状（r = 0.45）。这些发现强调了综合考虑气质和自我调节以及与特定症状领域相关的重要性。这支持了心理病理学的维度、领域敏感模型，并对个性化预防和干预具有启示意义。
