Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
J Res Adolesc. 2024 Dec;34(4):1263-1275. doi: 10.1111/jora.12940. Epub 2024 Apr 9.
The loss of John Schulenberg reverberates across the developmental and prevention sciences. In honor of his many contributions, this paper applies his ideas of developmental continuity and discontinuity to understand the process by which PROSPER delivered universal prevention programs (delivered in Grades 6 and 7) affect young adult outcomes. Guided by these developmental models, we deconstructed adolescent substance use initiation trajectories into two discrete phases-early and late adolescence, demarcated by substance use initiation levels at the end of 9th grade. We evaluated the effects of PROSPER interventions on these phases, and in turn, the effects of adolescent substance use initiation on young adult antisocial behavior, alcohol and drug use consequences, and depression symptoms. This sample included 1,984 young adults who participated in the PROSPER intervention trial in Grade 6 (two cohorts, 2002 and 2003), followed over 8 adolescent measurement occasions (Fall and Spring of Grade 6; Spring of Grades 7-12). Young adult outcomes were averaged across three waves (collected at ages 20, 23, and 25). PROSPER interventions were associated with reduced substance use initiation in early adolescence, but not escalation during late adolescence. In turn, substance use in both early and late adolescence was uniquely associated with young adult antisocial behavior, depression symptoms, and substance use consequences. PROSPER interventions were associated with young adult antisocial behavior and problematic substance use via reduced risk for early initiation status. Findings are discussed in terms of developmental continuity and discontinuity.
约翰·舒尔曼的离世在发展和预防科学领域引起了广泛关注。为了纪念他的诸多贡献，本文应用他的发展连续性和非连续性思想，来理解 PROSPER 推广普及性预防项目（在 6 年级和 7 年级开展）对青年成人结果的影响过程。在这些发展模型的指导下，我们将青少年物质使用起始轨迹解构为两个不同的阶段——早期和晚期青春期，以 9 年级末的物质使用起始水平为界。我们评估了 PROSPER 干预措施对这些阶段的影响，以及青少年物质使用起始对青年成人反社会行为、酒精和药物使用后果以及抑郁症状的影响。本样本包括 1984 名青少年，他们参加了 6 年级的 PROSPER 干预试验（两个队列，2002 年和 2003 年），在 8 个青少年测量期间（6 年级秋季和春季；7-12 年级春季）进行了随访。青年成人结果在三个波次（在 20 岁、23 岁和 25 岁时收集）进行了平均化处理。PROSPER 干预措施与早期青春期物质使用起始减少相关，但与晚期青春期物质使用升级无关。反过来，早期和晚期青春期的物质使用均与青年成人反社会行为、抑郁症状和物质使用后果独特相关。PROSPER 干预措施通过降低早期起始状态的风险，与青年成人反社会行为和问题性物质使用相关。研究结果从发展连续性和非连续性的角度进行了讨论。
