Development of a novel, high-efficacy oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 platform equipped with two distinct retargeting modalities.

To retarget oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) to cancer-specific antigens, we designed a novel, double-retargeted oHSV platform that uses single-chain antibodies (scFvs) incorporated into both glycoprotein H and a bispecific adapter expressed from the viral genome to mediate infection predominantly via tumor-associated antigens. Successful retargeting was achieved using a nectin-1-detargeted HSV that remains capable of interacting with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), the second canonical HSV entry receptor, and is, therefore, recognized by the adapter consisting of the virus-binding N-terminal 82 residues of HVEM fused to the target-specific scFv. We tested both an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)- and a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-specific scFv separately and together to target cells expressing one, the other, or both receptors. Our results show not only dose-dependent, target receptor-specific infection , but also enhanced virus spread compared with single-retargeted virus. In addition, we observed effective infection and spreading of the EpCAM double-retargeted virus . Remarkably, a single intravenous dose of the EpCAM-specific virus eliminated all detectable tumors in a subcutaneous xenograft model, and the same intravenous dose seemed to be harmless in immunocompetent FVB/N mice. Our findings suggest that our double-retargeted oHSV platform can provide a potent, versatile, and systemically deliverable class of anti-cancer therapeutics that specifically target cancer cells while ensuring safety.