RNA editing of ion channels and receptors in physiology and neurological disorders.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that diversifies protein functions by recoding RNA or alters protein quantity by regulating mRNA level. A-to-I editing is catalyzed by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA. Millions of editing sites have been reported, but they are mostly found in non-coding sequences. However, there are also several recoding editing sites in transcripts coding for ion channels or transporters that have been shown to play important roles in physiology and changes in editing level are associated with neurological diseases. These editing sites are not only found to be evolutionary conserved across species, but they are also dynamically regulated spatially, developmentally and by environmental factors. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of A-to-I RNA editing of ion channels and receptors in the context of their roles in physiology and pathological disease. We also discuss the regulation of editing events and site-directed RNA editing approaches for functional study that offer a therapeutic pathway for clinical applications.