Putrescine Upregulates Melanogenesis Through Modulation of MITF Transcription Factor in B16F1 Mouse Melanoma Cells.

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Ageing is a biochemical, metabolic and genetic physiological phenomenon. The suppression of melanin biosynthesis, evident in the greying of the hair, is a hallmark of ageing resulting from translation failure, reduced enzyme activity and cellular senescence. Putrescine, the smallest member of the polyamine family and an organic chemical, is present in living mammalian cells and plays a crucial role in regulating skin melanogenesis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the effect of putrescine on the signalling pathways of melanogenesis in melanoma cells.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Melanin production capacity of putrescine was analysed using a tyrosinase activity assay. To assess the cell viability of B16F1 cells exposed to putrescine, a tetrazolium dye MTT assay was performed. The effect of putrescine on melanin synthesis in the presence of HO was evaluated using various assays in B16F1 cells. The effect of putrescine on melanin production in B16F1 cells was determined using a specific melanin production assay. Gene expression was analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, the effect of putrescine on the expression of proteins related to melanin production in the cells treated with HO was analysed by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Putrescine increased tyrosinase activity and showed no cytotoxicity in B16F1 cells. In addition, putrescine effectively scavenged HO, as shown by the reduction of intracellular HO amounts in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate analysis, and promoted melanin production in living cells. The stimulation of melanogenesis by putrescine was attributed to the increased expression of , , and genes. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that putrescine enhanced the expression of proteins associated with melanogenesis and upregulated TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2 the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and increased the expression of methionine sulfoxide reductases A (MSRA) and B (MSRB) in the cells treated with HO, effectively promoting melanogenesis. These results suggest that putrescine can be used to stimulate melanin synthesis.

NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION

This is the first study to investigate the effect of putrescine on the signalling pathways of melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. The results confirm that putrescine can promote melanogenesis through the expression of TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2 the MITF in cells treated with HO. Putrescine can be used exclusively as a cosmetic product to prevent premature greying of hair.