Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
Centre of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10a, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
Nutrients. 2024 Mar 25;16(7):944. doi: 10.3390/nu16070944.
Safe water is a global public health concern amid increasing scarcity and pollution. Bottled water production and consumption contribute to these problems. This study examines tap water consumption in Italy, assessing associated sociodemographic factors and related health outcomes such as obesity and self-perceived health status. Data from the Italian National Statistics Institute's "Aspects of daily life" survey (N = 45,597) were analyzed. Covariates included education, age, gender, economic status, region, concerns about waste and climate change, consumption of carbonated drinks excluding water, alcohol consumption, consumption of vegetables, consumption of snacks, body mass index, and self-perceived health status. Bivariate analyses and mixed-effect logistic regression models explored the associations. People who drink tap water made up 19,674, with a higher prevalence in people aged 45 to 59 old, people with a graduate/post-graduate degree diploma, with optimal economic resources, people concerned about waste production and climate change, and those coming from the north-east regions of Italy. Underweight people showed a higher prevalence of TW consumption as well as those who less than occasionally drank carbonated drinks, drank alcohol, consumed vegetables more than once a day and snacks less than once a week, dairy products more than once a day, sweet less than once a week, cured meat less than once a week, and chicken meat less than once a week, those with no consumption of sheep meat, consumption of beef meat less than once a week and consumption of pork meat less than once a week, and those with a satisfactory level of perceived health status. Regressions showed that all other age classes are less likely to drink tap water than people younger than 20 years old. The category with "inadequate" economic resources is more likely to consume tap water. Low educational classes show a low likelihood of consuming tap water as well as islands. A concern about waste production and climate change is associated with an increased likelihood of consuming tap water. Tap water consumption was negatively associated with obesity but not with a satisfactory self-perceived health status. Insights from this study can inform public health strategies.
在水资源日益短缺和污染的情况下，安全饮用水是全球公共卫生关注的问题。瓶装水的生产和消费加剧了这些问题。本研究调查了意大利的自来水消费情况，评估了与之相关的社会人口因素以及肥胖和自我感知健康状况等相关健康结果。分析了意大利国家统计局“日常生活方面”调查（N=45597）的数据。协变量包括教育程度、年龄、性别、经济状况、地区、对废物和气候变化的关注、除水以外的碳酸饮料消费、酒精消费、蔬菜消费、零食消费、体重指数和自我感知健康状况。采用双变量分析和混合效应逻辑回归模型探讨了关联。饮用自来水的人数为 19674 人，其中 45 至 59 岁的人、具有研究生/博士后学位文凭的人、经济资源最佳的人、关注废物生产和气候变化的人以及来自意大利东北部地区的人更为常见。体重过轻的人饮用自来水的比例更高，偶尔喝碳酸饮料、饮酒、每天至少吃一次蔬菜、每周少于一次吃零食、每天至少吃一次奶制品、每周少于一次吃甜食、每周少于一次吃腌肉、每周少于一次吃鸡肉、不吃羊肉、每周少于一次吃牛肉和每周少于一次吃猪肉的人以及自我感知健康状况良好的人也更为常见。回归分析表明，所有其他年龄段的人饮用自来水的可能性均低于 20 岁以下的人。“经济资源不足”类别的人更有可能饮用自来水。低教育程度的人饮用自来水的可能性较低，岛屿上的人也是如此。对废物生产和气候变化的关注与增加饮用自来水的可能性相关。自来水消费与肥胖呈负相关，但与自我感知健康状况良好无关。本研究的结果可以为公共卫生策略提供信息。
