Hamid Rasha Raed, Hoseini Rastegar, Rahim Hiwa Ahmed
Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Garmian, Garmian, 46021, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, P.O. Box. 0776009060, Iran.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Feb;203(2):861-871. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04186-5. Epub 2024 Apr 24.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Aerobic training (AT) and magnesium supplementation (Mg) have both been independently shown to have beneficial effects on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with T2DM. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining AT and Mg supplementation have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week AT and Mg supplementation on serum levels of insulin, glucose, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, as well as the expression of mir-155 and mir-21 in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of rats with T2DM.
For this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were induced with T2DM by a high-fat diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups: AT and Mg supplementation (AT + Mg), AT (5 days/week for 8 weeks), Mg supplementation (received daily supplementation of Mg chloride), and diabetic control (C). An 8-week AT program was implemented, with gradually increasing the intensity and duration to reach 25 m/min and 60 min in the 8th week, respectively. The training intensity was set at 50-60% of VO2max. The Mg groups were provided with rat diets containing 1000 mg/kg of Mg. The AT + Mg group received both interventions, while the C group served as the untreated control. Serum biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and VAT samples were collected for gene expression analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Serum biomarker analysis revealed that the AT + Mg group had a significant decrease in fasting insulin (p = 0.001) and serum glucose (p = 0.001), as well as an increase in adiponectin levels compared to the C group (p = 0.002). Additionally, the AT + Mg group showed a significant reduction in serum leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-κB, as well as downregulation of mir-155 and mir-21 in the VAT compared to the other groups. The AT group also showed improvements in several parameters, while the Mg group had fewer significant differences compared to the C group.
The combination of AT and Mg supplementation provides a synergistic effect that improves serum biomarkers and downregulates pro-inflammatory microRNAs in the VAT of T2DM rats. Meanwhile, Mg supplementation alone does not have a significant effect on pro-inflammatory microRNAs in the VAT. These findings suggest that such combined interventions could be a promising strategy for managing T2DM, potentially ameliorating inflammatory states and improving metabolic health.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种复杂的代谢紊乱疾病，其特征为胰岛素抵抗和慢性炎症。有氧运动训练（AT）和补充镁（Mg）已分别被证明对T2DM患者的血糖控制和胰岛素敏感性具有有益作用。然而，AT与补充Mg相结合的潜在协同作用尚未得到广泛研究。本研究旨在探讨为期8周的AT和补充Mg对T2DM大鼠血清胰岛素、葡萄糖、瘦素、脂联素、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、核因子κB（NF-κB）水平，以及内脏脂肪组织（VAT）中mir-155和mir-21表达的影响。
在本实验研究中，32只雄性Wistar大鼠通过高脂饮食联合低剂量链脲佐菌素注射诱导T2DM。大鼠被随机分为四组：AT和补充Mg（AT + Mg）组、AT组（每周5天，共8周）、补充Mg组（每日补充氯化镁）和糖尿病对照组（C组）。实施为期8周的AT计划，强度和持续时间逐渐增加，在第8周分别达到25米/分钟和60分钟。训练强度设定为最大摄氧量（VO2max）的50 - 60%。Mg组给予含1000毫克/千克Mg的大鼠饲料。AT + Mg组接受两种干预措施，而C组作为未处理的对照组。使用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）测量血清生物标志物，并收集VAT样本用于实时聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行基因表达分析。
血清生物标志物分析显示，与C组相比，AT + Mg组空腹胰岛素（p = 0.001）和血清葡萄糖（p = 0.001）显著降低，脂联素水平升高（p = 0.002）。此外，与其他组相比，AT + Mg组血清瘦素、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β和NF-κB显著降低，VAT中mir-155和mir-21下调。AT组在几个参数上也有改善，而Mg组与C组相比差异不显著。
AT与补充Mg相结合具有协同作用，可改善T2DM大鼠血清生物标志物，并下调VAT中促炎微小RNA。同时，单独补充Mg对VAT中促炎微小RNA没有显著影响。这些发现表明，这种联合干预可能是管理T2DM的一种有前景的策略，可能改善炎症状态并改善代谢健康。
