Zhao Haozhe, Yang Mingfei, Fan Xiang, Gui Qian, Yi Hao, Tong Yigang, Xiao Wei
Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Viruses. 2024 Mar 29;16(4):535. doi: 10.3390/v16040535.
The concentration of viruses in sewage sludge is significantly higher (10-1000-fold) than that found in natural environments, posing a potential risk for human and animal health. However, the composition of these viruses and their role in the transfer of pathogenic factors, as well as their role in the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed a shotgun metagenomic approach to investigate the pathogenic bacteria and viral composition and function in two wastewater treatment plants located on a campus. Our analysis revealed the presence of 1334 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) across six sludge samples, with 242 ASVs (41.22% of total reads) identified as pathogenic bacteria. was found to be the most dominant pathogen accounting for 6.79% of total reads. The virome analysis identified 613 viral genera with being the most abundant genus at 41.85%. Approximately 0.66% of these viruses were associated with human and animal diseases. More than 60% of the virome consisted of lytic phages. Host prediction analysis revealed that the phages primarily infected (37.11%), (21.11%), and (7.11%). Furthermore, our investigation revealed an abundance of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) involved in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling within the virome. We also detected a total of 113 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), covering major classes of antibiotics across all samples analyzed. Additionally, our findings indicated the presence of virulence factors including the gene accounting for approximately 4.78%, along with toxin genes such as the gene representing approximately 73.48% of all detected virulence factors and toxin genes among all samples analyzed. This study expands our understanding regarding both pathogenic bacteria and viruses present within sewage sludge while providing valuable insights into their ecological functions.
污水污泥中病毒的浓度显著高于自然环境中发现的浓度（高10至1000倍），对人类和动物健康构成潜在风险。然而，这些病毒的组成及其在致病因子转移中的作用，以及它们在碳、氮和磷循环中的作用仍知之甚少。在本研究中，我们采用鸟枪法宏基因组学方法，调查了校园内两座污水处理厂中致病细菌和病毒的组成及功能。我们的分析显示，六个污泥样本中存在1334个扩增子序列变体（ASV），其中242个ASV（占总读数的41.22%）被鉴定为致病细菌。被发现是最主要的病原体，占总读数的6.79%。病毒组分析鉴定出613个病毒属，其中是最丰富的属，占41.85%。这些病毒中约0.66%与人类和动物疾病有关。超过60%的病毒组由裂解性噬菌体组成。宿主预测分析表明，噬菌体主要感染（37.11%）、（21.11%）和（7.11%）。此外，我们的调查揭示了病毒组中存在大量参与碳、氮和磷循环的辅助代谢基因（AMG）。我们还在所有分析样本中总共检测到113个抗生素抗性基因（ARG），涵盖主要抗生素类别。此外，我们的研究结果表明存在毒力因子，包括基因约占4.78%，以及毒素基因，如基因在所有分析样本中占所有检测到的毒力因子和毒素基因的约73.48%。这项研究扩展了我们对污水污泥中致病细菌和病毒的理解，并为它们的生态功能提供了有价值的见解。
