State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Apr 27;196(5):480. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12648-5.
The objective of the current research was to examine the water quality of the River Ravi and the River Sutlej, with a specific focus on potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Additionally, we sought to monitor the sources of pollution in these rivers by gathering samples from the primary drains that carry industrial and municipal waste into these water bodies. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of PTEs in surface water on groundwater quality by collecting groundwater samples from nearby populated areas. A total of 30 samples were collected from these three sources: rivers (6 samples), drains (9 samples), and groundwater (15 samples). The analysis revealed that the levels of PTEs in the samples from these three resources having a mean value: arsenic (As) 23.5 µg/L, zinc (Zn) 2.35 mg/L, manganese (Mn) 0.51 mg/L, lead (Pb) 6.63 µg/L, and chromium (Cr) 10.9 µg/L, exceeded the recommended values set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, PTEs including (As 84%), (Zn 65%), (Mn 69%), (Pb 53%), (Cr 53%), and (Ni 27%), samples were beyond the recommended values of WHO. The results of the Principal Component Analysis indicated that surface water and groundwater exhibited total variability of 83.87% and 85.97%, respectively. This indicates that the aquifers in the study area have been contaminated due to both natural geogenic factors and anthropogenic sources. These sources include the discharge of industrial effluents, wastewater from municipal sources, mining activities, agricultural practices, weathering of rocks, and interactions between rocks and water. Spatial distribution maps clearly illustrated the widespread mobilization of PTEs throughout the study area. Furthermore, a health risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of PTEs through the ingestion of drinking groundwater by both children and adults. Health risk assessment result show the mean carcinogenic values for As, Cr, Pb and Ni in children are calculated to be (1.88E-04), (2.61E-04), (2.16E-02), and (5.74E-05), respectively. Similarly, the mean carcinogenic values for the above mentioned PTEs in adults were recorded to be (2.39E-05), (3.32E-05), (1.19E-03), and (7.29E-06) respectively. The total hazard index values for As, Zn, Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Ni in children were observed to be (9.07E + 00), (9.95E-07), (4.59E-04), (5.75E-04), (4.72E-05), (2.78E-03), and (5.27E-05) respectively. The analysis revealed that As has an adverse effect on the population of the study area as compared to other PTEs investigated in this study.
本研究旨在考察拉维河和萨特累季河的水质，重点关注潜在有毒元素 (PTEs)。此外，我们通过收集主要排水渠中的样本，监测这些河流的污染源，这些排水渠将工业和城市废物输送到这些水体中。此外，我们旨在通过收集附近人口稠密地区的地下水样本来评估 PTEs 对地表水的影响。共从这三个来源收集了 30 个样本：河流（6 个样本）、排水渠（9 个样本）和地下水（15 个样本）。分析结果表明，这三个资源样本中的 PTEs 水平平均值为：砷（As）23.5µg/L、锌（Zn）2.35mg/L、锰（Mn）0.51mg/L、铅（Pb）6.63µg/L 和铬（Cr）10.9µg/L，超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）规定的推荐值。此外，包括（As 84%）、（Zn 65%）、（Mn 69%）、（Pb 53%）、（Cr 53%）和（Ni 27%）在内的 PTEs 样本均超过了 WHO 的推荐值。主成分分析的结果表明，地表水和地下水的总变异性分别为 83.87%和 85.97%。这表明，由于自然地球化学因素和人为来源，研究区的含水层已经受到污染。这些来源包括工业废水排放、城市污水、采矿活动、农业实践、岩石风化以及岩石与水之间的相互作用。空间分布图清楚地说明了 PTEs 在整个研究区域内的广泛迁移。此外，我们还进行了健康风险评估，以评估通过儿童和成人饮用地下水摄入 PTEs 可能产生的不良健康影响。健康风险评估结果表明，儿童体内砷、铬、铅和镍的致癌平均值分别计算为（1.88E-04）、（2.61E-04）、（2.16E-02）和（5.74E-05）。同样，上述 PTEs 在成年人中的致癌平均值分别记录为（2.39E-05）、（3.32E-05）、（1.19E-03）和（7.29E-06）。儿童体内砷、锌、铬、铅、锰、铜和镍的总危害指数值分别为（9.07E + 00）、（9.95E-07）、（4.59E-04）、（5.75E-04）、（4.72E-05）、（2.78E-03）和（5.27E-05）。分析结果表明，与本研究中调查的其他 PTEs 相比，砷对研究区域的人口有不利影响。
