Functional overlap between the mammalian and paralogs in vivo.

Proteins carrying a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane domain enter the intracellular secretory pathway at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported to the Golgi apparatus via COPII vesicles or tubules. SAR1 initiates COPII coat assembly by recruiting other coat proteins to the ER membrane. Mammalian genomes encode two paralogs, and . While these paralogs exhibit ~90% amino acid sequence identity, it is unknown whether they perform distinct or overlapping functions in vivo. We now report that genetic inactivation of in mice results in lethality during midembryogenesis. We also confirm previous reports that complete deficiency of murine results in perinatal lethality. In contrast, we demonstrate that deletion of restricted to hepatocytes is compatible with survival, though resulting in hypocholesterolemia that can be rescued by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of either SAR1A or SAR1B. To further examine the in vivo function of these two paralogs, we genetically engineered mice with the coding sequence replacing that of at the endogenous locus. Mice homozygous for this allele survive to adulthood and are phenotypically normal, demonstrating complete or near-complete overlap in function between the two SAR1 protein paralogs in mice. These data also suggest upregulation of gene expression as a potential approach for the treatment of SAR1B deficiency (chylomicron retention disease) in humans.