Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2024 May 14;58(19):8135-8148. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07728. Epub 2024 May 2.
Many frontline communities experience adverse health impacts from living in proximity to high-polluting industrial sources. Securing environmental justice requires, in part, a comprehensive set of quantitative indicators. We incorporate environmental justice and life-cycle thinking into air quality planning to assess fine particulate matter (PM) exposure and monetized damages from operating and maintaining the Port of Oakland, a major multimodal marine port located in the historically marginalized West Oakland community in the San Francisco Bay Area. The exposure domain for the assessment is the entire San Francisco Bay Area, a home to more than 7.5 million people. Of the more than 14 sources included in the emissions inventory, emissions from large container ships, or ocean-going vessels (OGVs), dominate the PM intake, and supply chain sources (material production and delivery, fuel production) represent between 3.5% and 7.5% of annual intake. Exposure damages, which model the costs from excess mortalities resulting from exposure from the study's emission sources, range from USD 100 to 270 million per annum. Variations in damages are due to the use of different concentration-response relationships, hazard ratios, and Port resurfacing area assumptions. Racial and income-based exposure disparities are stark. The Black population and people within the lowest income quintile are 2.2 and 1.9 times more disproportionately exposed, respectively, to the Port's pollution sources relative to the general population. Mitigation efforts focused on electrifying in-port trucking operations yield modest reductions (3.5%) compared to strategies that prioritize emission reductions from OGVs and commercial harbor craft operations (8.7-55%). Our recommendations emphasize that a systems-based approach is critical for identifying all relevant emission sources and mitigation strategies for improving equity in civil infrastructure systems.
许多一线社区由于靠近高污染工业源而遭受不良健康影响。实现环境正义需要综合的一套定量指标。我们将环境正义和生命周期思维纳入空气质量规划中，以评估奥克兰港（位于旧金山湾区历史上处于边缘地位的西奥克兰社区的一个主要多式联运海港）运营和维护产生的细颗粒物（PM）暴露和货币化损害。评估的暴露域是整个旧金山湾区，这里居住着超过 750 万人。在排放清单中包含的 14 个以上的污染源中，大型集装箱船或远洋船舶（OGV）的排放物占 PM 摄入的主导地位，供应链源（材料生产和交付、燃料生产）占年摄入量的 3.5%至 7.5%。暴露损害模型是根据研究排放源暴露导致的超额死亡率计算的成本，每年的损失从 1 亿美元到 2.7 亿美元不等。损害的变化是由于使用了不同的浓度-反应关系、危害比和港口重新铺筑面积假设。基于种族和收入的暴露差距明显。与一般人群相比，黑人人口和收入最低的五分之一人口分别不成比例地多接触到港口污染源 2.2 倍和 1.9 倍。与优先减少 OGV 和商业港口船只作业排放的策略相比，专注于电动化港口内卡车运输作业的缓解措施只会产生适度的减少（3.5%）。我们的建议强调，基于系统的方法对于确定所有相关排放源和缓解策略至关重要，这些策略可用于改善民用基础设施系统的公平性。
