Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Auton Neurosci. 2024 Jun;253:103181. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103181. Epub 2024 Apr 25.
Respiratory interoception is one of the internal bodily systems that is comprised of different types of somatic and visceral sensations elicited by different patterns of afferent input and respiratory motor drive mediating multiple respiratory modalities. Respiratory interoception is a complex system, having multiple afferents grouped into afferent clusters and projecting into both discriminative and affective centers that are directly related to the behavioral assessment of breathing. The multi-afferent system provides a spectrum of input that result in the ability to interpret the different types of respiratory interceptive sensations. This can result in a response, commonly reported as breathlessness or dyspnea. Dyspnea can be differentiated into specific modalities. These respiratory sensory modalities lead to a general sensation of an Urge-to-Breathe, driven by a need to compensate for the modulation of ventilation that has occurred due to factors that have affected breathing. The multiafferent system for respiratory interoception can also lead to interpretation of the sensory signals resulting in respiratory related sensory experiences, including the Urge-to-Cough and Urge-to-Swallow. These behaviors are modalities that can be driven through the differentiation and integration of multiple afferent input into the respiratory neural comparator. Respiratory sensations require neural somatic and visceral interoceptive elements that include gated attention and detection leading to respiratory modality discrimination with subsequent cognitive decision and behavioral compensation. Studies of brain areas mediating cortical and subcortical respiratory sensory pathways are summarized and used to develop a model of an integrated respiratory neural network mediating respiratory interoception.
呼吸本体感受是内部身体系统之一，由不同类型的躯体和内脏感觉组成，这些感觉是由不同模式的传入输入和呼吸运动驱动介导的多种呼吸模式引起的。呼吸本体感受是一个复杂的系统，有多个传入纤维群集，投射到辨别和情感中枢，与呼吸的行为评估直接相关。多传入系统提供了一系列输入，从而能够解释不同类型的呼吸本体感受感觉。这可能导致一种反应，通常表现为呼吸困难或气促。气促可以分为特定的模式。这些呼吸感觉模式导致一种总的呼吸冲动感觉，这是由补偿由于影响呼吸的因素而发生的通气调节的需要驱动的。呼吸本体感受的多传入系统也可能导致对感觉信号的解释，从而产生与呼吸相关的感觉体验，包括咳嗽冲动和吞咽冲动。这些行为是可以通过将多个传入输入分化和整合到呼吸神经比较器中而产生的模式。呼吸感觉需要神经躯体和内脏本体感受要素，包括门控注意和检测，从而导致呼吸模式辨别，随后进行认知决策和行为补偿。总结了介导皮质和皮质下呼吸感觉通路的脑区的研究，并用于开发一个整合呼吸神经网络模型，以介导呼吸本体感受。
