Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
J Nutr. 2024 Jul;154(7):2273-2283. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.032. Epub 2024 Apr 30.
Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) are associated with elevated risk of noncommunicable disease, but little is known about UPF intake and the individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with it among adolescents in low- or middle-income countries.
We estimated the association of UPF intake across adolescence with sociodemographic characteristics and maternal UPF intake in a Filipino cohort.
Data were from 4 waves (1994-2005) of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 2068); participants were aged 11, 15, 18, and 21 y. Foods from 24-h recalls were classified using NOVA. We used two-part multilevel models to estimate time-varying associations of the odds and amount (percentage daily kilocalories) of UPF intake with sociodemographic characteristics and maternal UPF intake (none, below median among UPF-consuming mothers ["low"], at or above median ["high"]).
Median UPF intake (interquartile range [IQR]) among adolescents was 7.3% (IQR: 0, 17.2%) of daily kilocalories at age 11 y and 10.6% (IQR: 3.6, 19.6%) at 21 y. The odds and amount of adolescent UPF intake were positively associated with female sex, years of schooling, and household wealth and inversely associated with household size. The odds-but not amount-of adolescent UPF intake was positively associated with maternal education and urbanicity and inversely associated with the distance from a household's primary store/market. The association between odds of adolescent UPF intake and school enrollment was positive in adolescence but disappeared in early adulthood. Compared with offspring whose mothers did not consume UPFs, the odds of UPF intake among those whose mothers had low or high UPF intake was greater in adolescence, but there was no association once offspring became adults. At all ages, maternal UPF intake was positively associated with the amount of offspring intake.
Adolescent UPF intake varied across sociodemographic characteristics and was positively associated with maternal UPF intake, but not after adolescents entered adulthood.
超加工食品（UPFs）与非传染性疾病的风险增加有关，但在低收入和中等收入国家的青少年中，关于 UPF 摄入量以及与 UPF 摄入量相关的个体、家庭和社区因素知之甚少。
我们在菲律宾队列中估计了青少年时期 UPF 摄入量与社会人口特征和母亲 UPF 摄入量之间的关联。
数据来自 4 次（1994-2005 年）的宿务纵向健康和营养调查（n=2068）；参与者年龄为 11、15、18 和 21 岁。使用 NOVA 对 24 小时回顾中的食物进行分类。我们使用两部分多层次模型来估计 UPF 摄入量的几率和数量（每日千卡的百分比）与社会人口特征和母亲 UPF 摄入量（无、在 UPF 消费母亲中的中位数以下[低]、等于或高于中位数[高]）之间随时间变化的关联。
青少年时期 UPF 摄入量（中位数[IQR]）在 11 岁时为每日千卡的 7.3%（IQR：0，17.2%），在 21 岁时为 10.6%（IQR：3.6，19.6%）。青少年 UPF 摄入量的几率和数量与女性性别、受教育年限、家庭财富呈正相关，与家庭规模呈负相关。青少年 UPF 摄入量的几率但不是数量与母亲的教育程度和城市化呈正相关，与家庭主要商店/市场的距离呈负相关。青少年时期，青少年 UPF 摄入量与入学率之间的正相关关系在成年早期就消失了。与母亲不摄入 UPF 的子女相比，母亲低或高 UPF 摄入量的子女摄入 UPF 的几率在青少年时期更高，但一旦子女成年后就没有关联。在所有年龄段，母亲的 UPF 摄入量与子女的摄入量呈正相关。
青少年 UPF 摄入量因社会人口特征而异，与母亲 UPF 摄入量呈正相关，但青少年成年后则没有关联。
