Mangione Emanuele
Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
J Med Ethics. 2025 Feb 21;51(3):195-198. doi: 10.1136/jme-2023-109610.
Within feminist literature from the early 1970s to this day, assisted reproductive technologies have been largely known to divide, replace or eliminate biological motherhood. For example, while in the past biological motherhood was considered a continuous experience, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and IVF using egg donation allowed a split between two biological mothers, one providing eggs (genetic mother) and the other one gestation (gestational mother). This split was considered irreparable: the genetic mother could not be also gestational, and vice versa. On the contrary, this paper aims to show that assisted reproductive technologies may also have a constructive potential towards biological motherhood(s). To explain how it could be possible, two existing techniques are explored: the first is maternal spindle transfer, which allows a double genetic motherhood; the second is reciprocal effortless IVF, which supposedly enables a double gestational motherhood. While in the first part, these techniques are examined singularly, in the second part a feasible combination of them is speculated. The idea is that assisted reproductive technologies could 'recombine' genetic and gestational motherhood in two figures that include both, namely in two 'complete' biological mothers, both genetic and gestational.
从20世纪70年代初至今的女权主义文学中，辅助生殖技术在很大程度上被认为会分割、取代或消除生物学意义上的母亲身份。例如，过去生物学意义上的母亲身份被视为一种连续的体验，而体外受精（IVF）和使用捐赠卵子的体外受精使得两位生物学母亲之间出现了分离，一位提供卵子（基因母亲），另一位进行妊娠（妊娠母亲）。这种分离被认为是无法弥补的：基因母亲不可能同时也是妊娠母亲，反之亦然。相反，本文旨在表明辅助生殖技术对生物学意义上的母亲身份也可能具有建设性潜力。为了解释这如何成为可能，我们探讨了两种现有技术：第一种是母体纺锤体转移，它允许双重基因母亲身份；第二种是互惠轻松体外受精，据称它能实现双重妊娠母亲身份。在第一部分中，我们分别研究了这些技术，在第二部分中，我们推测了它们的一种可行组合。其理念是辅助生殖技术可以在两个包含两者的角色中“重新组合”基因和妊娠母亲身份，即在两位“完整”的生物学母亲中，她们既是基因母亲也是妊娠母亲。
