Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
Biology Department, University College of Tayma, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
PeerJ. 2024 Apr 30;12:e17286. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17286. eCollection 2024.
Drought and salinity are the major abiotic stress factors negatively affecting the morphophysiological, biochemical, and anatomical characteristics of numerous plant species worldwide. The detrimental effects of these environmental factors can be seen in leaf and stem anatomical structures including the decrease in thickness of cell walls, palisade and spongy tissue, phloem and xylem tissue. Also, the disintegration of grana staking, and an increase in the size of mitochondria were observed under salinity and drought conditions. Drought and salt stresses can significantly decrease plant height, number of leaves and branches, leaf area, fresh and dry weight, or plant relative water content (RWC%) and concentration of photosynthetic pigments. On the other hand, stress-induced lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, electrolyte leakage (EL%), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can increase under salinity and drought conditions. Antioxidant defense systems such as catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are essential components under drought and salt stresses to protect the plant organelles from oxidative damage caused by ROS. The application of safe and eco-friendly treatments is a very important strategy to overcome the adverse effects of drought and salinity on the growth characteristics and yield of plants. It is shown that treatments with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve morphoanatomical characteristics under salinity and drought stress. It is also shown that yeast extract, mannitol, proline, melatonin, silicon, chitosan, -Tocopherols (vitamin E), and biochar alleviate the negative effects of drought and salinity stresses through the ROS scavenging resulting in the improvement of plant attributes and yield of the stressed plants. This review discusses the role of safety and eco-friendly treatments in alleviating the harmful effects of salinity and drought associated with the improvement of the anatomical, morphophysiological, and biochemical features in plants.
干旱和盐度是影响全球许多植物物种形态生理、生化和解剖特征的主要非生物胁迫因素。这些环境因素的不利影响可以在叶片和茎的解剖结构中看到，包括细胞壁、栅栏组织和海绵组织、韧皮部和木质部组织的厚度减小。此外，在盐度和干旱条件下还观察到类囊体堆叠的解体和线粒体体积增大。干旱和盐胁迫会显著降低植物的株高、叶片和枝条数量、叶面积、鲜重和干重，或植物相对水含量（RWC%）和光合色素浓度。另一方面，在盐度和干旱条件下，胁迫诱导的脂质过氧化和丙二醛（MDA）产生、电解质渗漏（EL%）和活性氧（ROS）产生会增加。在干旱和盐胁迫下，抗氧化防御系统如过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、抗坏血酸和γ-氨基丁酸是保护植物细胞器免受 ROS 引起的氧化损伤的重要组成部分。应用安全环保的处理方法是克服干旱和盐度对植物生长特性和产量的不利影响的重要策略。研究表明，施用植物生长促进细菌（PGPB）可以改善盐度和干旱胁迫下的形态解剖特征。研究还表明，酵母提取物、甘露醇、脯氨酸、褪黑素、硅、壳聚糖、生育酚（维生素 E）和生物炭通过清除 ROS 来缓解干旱和盐胁迫的负面影响，从而改善受胁迫植物的属性和产量。本文综述了安全环保处理在缓解与提高受胁迫植物解剖、形态生理和生化特征相关的盐度和干旱的有害影响中的作用。
