Institute of Energy and Environment, University of Sao Paulo - Environmental Science Graduate Program (PROCAM), 1289 Professor Luciano Gualberto avenue, Butanta, Zip Code 05508-010, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Environmental Planning and Management (PLANGEA), School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Research Group on Environmental Planning and Management (PLANGEA), School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute for Space Research, 1758 Astronautas avenue, Jardim da Granja, Zip Code 12227-010, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
J Environ Manage. 2024 May;359:120864. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120864. Epub 2024 May 6.
Deforestation rates in the Amazon have markedly increased in the last few years, affecting non-protected and protected areas (PAs). Brazil is a hotspot of Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) events, with most events associated with infrastructure projects. Despite the threats dams impose on PAs, there is a knowledge gap in assessing deforestation in PAs around large dams in the Amazon. This study investigates how deforestation affects Biodiversity Protection Areas (BioPAs) and Indigenous Lands around the Jirau and Santo Antônio (JSA) dams (Madeira River, Rondônia) and Belo Monte dam (Xingu River, Pará) in the Brazilian Amazon. We compared clear-cutting between PAs and control areas and the annual rates of forest change between pre-dam and post-dam periods. We discussed deforestation-related factors (e.g., PADDD events and the presence of management plans or councils). Our results show an increase in deforestation after the operation of the dams when environmental control from licensing agencies decreases and other political and economic factors are in practice. Indigenous Lands experienced a significant increase in deforestation around the Belo Monte dam, which is associated with the demarcation process and land conflicts. Surrounding the JSA dams, sustainable use BioPAs showed high deforestation rates, and 27 PADDD events were reported, four directly related to dams. In addition to dams, deforestation was associated with the crisis of Brazilian democracy and the weakening of environmental policies. In conclusion, the weak environmental control from environmental licensing agencies during dam operation and PADDD events have contributed to increased deforestation rates and additional stresses in the Amazon.
过去几年，亚马逊地区的森林砍伐率显著增加，影响了非保护区和保护区（PA）。巴西是保护区降级、缩小和非保护区化（PADDD）事件的热点地区，大多数事件都与基础设施项目有关。尽管大坝对保护区构成了威胁，但对于评估亚马逊地区大型水坝周围保护区的森林砍伐情况，我们仍存在知识空白。本研究调查了森林砍伐如何影响亚马逊地区的生物多样性保护区（BioPA）和原住民土地，这些地区包括 Jirau 和 Santo Antônio（Madeira 河，朗多尼亚州）大坝和 Belo Monte 大坝（Xingu 河，帕拉州）。我们比较了保护区和对照区之间的皆伐面积以及大坝前后的森林变化年增长率。我们讨论了与森林砍伐有关的因素（例如，保护区降级、缩小和非保护区化事件以及管理计划或理事会的存在）。我们的研究结果表明，大坝运行后，随着许可机构环境监管的减弱以及其他政治和经济因素的实际情况，森林砍伐率增加。在 Belo Monte 大坝周围的原住民土地上，森林砍伐率显著增加，这与划界过程和土地冲突有关。在 JSA 大坝周围，可持续利用的 BioPA 显示出较高的森林砍伐率，并且报告了 27 起保护区降级、缩小和非保护区化事件，其中 4 起直接与大坝有关。除了大坝，森林砍伐还与巴西民主危机和环境政策的削弱有关。总之，大坝运行期间环境许可机构环境监管的削弱以及保护区降级、缩小和非保护区化事件导致森林砍伐率增加，并给亚马逊地区带来了额外的压力。
