Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202;
Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Feb 27;115(9):2084-2089. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716462115. Epub 2018 Feb 12.
Protected areas (PAs) remain the dominant policy to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services but have been shown to have limited impact when development interests force them to locations with lower deforestation pressure. Far less known is that such interests also cause widespread tempering, reduction, or removal of protection [i.e., PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD)]. We inform responses to PADDD by proposing and testing a bargaining explanation for PADDD risks and deforestation impacts. We examine recent degazettements for hydropower development and rural settlements in the state of Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon. Results support two hypotheses: () ineffective PAs (i.e., those where internal deforestation was similar to nearby rates) were more likely to be degazetted and () degazettement of ineffective PAs caused limited, if any, additional deforestation. We also report on cases in which ineffective portions were upgraded. Overall our results suggest that enhancing PAs' ecological impacts enhances their legal durability.
保护区仍然是保护生物多样性和生态系统服务的主要政策，但当发展利益迫使它们进入森林砍伐压力较低的地区时，其影响已被证明是有限的。知之甚少的是，这些利益也会导致广泛的调整、减少或取消保护[即保护区降级、缩小和除名（PADDD）]。我们通过提出并测试一个关于 PADDD 风险和森林砍伐影响的讨价还价解释来应对 PADDD。我们研究了巴西亚马逊州朗多尼亚州最近因水电开发和农村定居点而取消保护区的情况。结果支持两个假设：（i）无效的保护区（即内部森林砍伐率与附近地区相似的保护区）更有可能被取消；（ii）无效保护区的除名并没有导致额外的森林砍伐，即使有，也是有限的。我们还报告了一些无效部分被升级的案例。总的来说，我们的结果表明，提高保护区的生态影响会增强其法律耐久性。
