The effects of hyperthyroidism on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the rat.

The effects of hyperthyroidism on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis were investigated in the rat. Rats were given T4 twice daily by sc injection in amounts sufficient to raise circulating hormone levels 10-fold 4 h after administration. Thyroiditis was induced by immunization with rat thyroglobulin (Tg) in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the severity of the disease was assessed by comparison with saline-treated controls. Thymic and splenic hypertrophy were found in T4-treated animals, whereas lymph node wt decreased. The levels of Tg antibodies did not differ between animals given saline and those given T4, but the expected sustained rise in control animals was not seen in those treated with T4; in addition, there was a significant decrease in the amount of Tg antibody produced by in vitro culture of lymph node lymphocytes from T4-treated rats. Continuous T4 administration lowered the number of T cells in the circulation, but the number of phenotypically identified helper cells remained the same. The most striking effects of T4 were to ameliorate the intensity of histologically defined thyroiditis and lower the response of lymph node T cells to the nonspecific mitogen, phytohemagglutinin. These results show that excessive T4 does not, as previously suggested, enhance the immune response in autoimmune thyroid disease: on the contrary, suppression is found with the dose and model we have used. In view of the magnitude of this effect, it is now important to identify the site of T4 action and investigate how this effect contributes to the autoimmune response in Graves' disease.