Sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin and permethrin resulted in ultrastructural alterations in scales and oxygen uptake changes of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792).

The present study used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the toxicity of sub-lethal concentrations of deltamethrin (0.035, 0.007 and 0.0007 mg L) and permethrin (0.93, 0.093 and 0.0093 mg L) on the ultrastructure of the scales of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) during a 21 day exposure. The oxygen uptake of the fish during deltamethrin (0.007 and 0.0007 mg L) and permethrin (0.093 and 0.0093 mg L) exposure was also investigated. The SEM studies revealed abnormal morphological alterations and modifications of fish scales, which were concentration-dependent. Deltamethrin-exposed fish showed severe deformation and fusion of two circuli in different rows, thereby disrupting the normal radii pattern. This fusion was probably caused by the cyanide moiety of the pesticide. On the other hand, permethrin characteristically produced a thick mucus layer over the scale surface. The different concentrations of both the pesticides affected circuli pattern with severe breakage of circuli and loss of lepidonts present over their ridges. Erythrocyte extrusions were also seen at several places over the scale surface. There was significant reduction of oxygen uptake in fish exposed to permethrin at both the concentrations, but in deltamethrin treatments significant reduction occurred only at the higher concentration of 0.007 mg L, though this was less than the lower permethrin concentration of 0.0093 mg L, and moreover effects of both the pyrethroids on oxygen consumption increased at higher concentrations.