Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Aug;28(8):714-725. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.04.011. Epub 2024 May 14.
The motivations to protect oneself and others have often been seen as conflicting. Here, we discuss recent evidence that self-defensive mechanisms may in fact be recruited to enable the helping of others. In some instances, the defensive response to a threat may even be more decisive in promoting helping than the response to a conspecific's distress (as predicted by empathy-altruism models). In light of this evidence, we propose that neural mechanisms implicated in self-defence may have been repurposed through evolution to enable the protection of others, and that defence and care may be convergent rather than conflicting functions. Finally, we present and discuss a working model of the shared brain mechanisms implicated in defence of both self and others.
保护自己和他人的动机通常被认为是相互冲突的。在这里，我们讨论了最近的证据，表明自我防御机制实际上可能被招募来帮助他人。在某些情况下，对威胁的防御反应甚至比对同类痛苦的反应（根据共情利他主义模型预测）更能促进帮助。有鉴于此，我们提出，涉及自我防御的神经机制可能是通过进化重新利用的，以保护他人，防御和关怀可能是趋同而不是相互冲突的功能。最后，我们提出并讨论了一个涉及自我和他人防御的共享大脑机制的工作模型。
