O'Hara M W, Kohout F J, Wallace R B
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1985 Oct;173(10):582-9. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198510000-00002.
A large sample (N = 3159) of noninstitutionalized older adults (aged 65 to 105 years) residing in two rural Iowa counties participated in an assessment of a wide range of health-related factors, including depression. Prevalences of significant depressive symptomatology (9.0%; based on a modified version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]) and clinical depression (2.9%; based on self-report of Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC]-like criteria) were low. The relationships between several demographic measures and the depression indices were examined. While expected sex differences were obtained for the CES-D, they were not found for the depression RDC. Subjects who lived alone and subjects with lower incomes were more at risk for depression. There was also evidence that being married and having a higher educational level were associated with lower risk for depression as measured by the CES-D (but not the RDC). The role of social support in rural communities was discussed as a factor contributing to the low rate of depression found in this study. The importance of sex, social support, and economic resources in accounting for depression among the elderly was also discussed.
来自爱荷华州两个乡村县的3159名非机构化老年人（年龄在65至105岁之间）参与了一项对包括抑郁症在内的广泛健康相关因素的评估。显著抑郁症状的患病率较低（9.0%；基于流行病学研究中心抑郁量表[CES-D]的修订版），临床抑郁症的患病率也较低（2.9%；基于类似研究诊断标准[RDC]标准的自我报告）。研究了几种人口统计学指标与抑郁指数之间的关系。虽然在CES-D方面获得了预期的性别差异，但在抑郁RDC方面未发现此类差异。独居者和收入较低者患抑郁症的风险更高。也有证据表明，根据CES-D（而非RDC）的测量，已婚和受教育程度较高与患抑郁症的风险较低相关。讨论了农村社区社会支持作为本研究中抑郁症发病率低的一个促成因素的作用。还讨论了性别、社会支持和经济资源在解释老年人抑郁症方面的重要性。
