Baker F M, Okwumabua J, Philipose V, Wong S
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1996 Jul;9(3):127-32. doi: 10.1177/089198879600900304.
Several authors have reported that older African-Americans with multiple medical problems and decreased activities of daily living are at an increased risk of reporting symptoms of depression. African-Americans were more likely to report symptoms of anger, irritability, denial of illness, and to spontaneously report symptoms that did not reflect a change in mood, but rather forbearance of a difficult time or somatic complaints. This paper describes the results of a study to assess the presence of depressive symptoms in older African-American community residents. A new instrument, the Baker Belief Scale, is compared with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and the association of medical illnesses, social network, and level of physical function in activities of daily living (ADL). Ninety-six African-American men and women, aged 60 years or older, with equal representation from urban and rural counties in western Tennessee comprised the sample. The sample was stratified, in each of the two counties, into three age categories; 60-69, 70-79, and 80 years and older. A screening battery consisting of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, the CES-D, the Lubben Social Network Scale, and the Katz ADL were administered to the sample. Current medical illnesses were recorded with demographic data. There was a significant association between the CES-D score and the BBS score for those who screened positive for symptoms of depression. In addition there was a significant relationship between CES-D score and specific medical illnesses, social network, physical function in ADL, and residence (urban vs. rural). Residents who screened positive (N = 19) for depressive symptomatology with CES-D scores of 16 or higher exhibited a higher frequency of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and circulatory problems than those who tested negative (N = 77). More urban residents (N = 13) than rural residents (N = 6) screened positive for symptoms of depression. Approximately 21% (N = 20) of the 96 respondents had scores of 20 or less on the Lubben Social Network Scale, suggesting a group of "at risk" for social isolation.
几位作者报告称，患有多种疾病且日常生活活动能力下降的老年非裔美国人出现抑郁症状的风险增加。非裔美国人更有可能报告愤怒、易怒、否认患病等症状，并且会自发报告那些并非反映情绪变化，而是在艰难时期的忍耐或躯体不适的症状。本文描述了一项评估老年非裔美国社区居民抑郁症状存在情况的研究结果。将一种新工具——贝克信念量表，与流行病学研究中心抑郁量表（CES-D）以及医疗疾病、社交网络和日常生活活动（ADL）中的身体功能水平之间的关联进行了比较。来自田纳西州西部城市和农村县且年龄在60岁及以上的96名非裔美国男性和女性构成了样本。在两个县中的每个县，样本都被分为三个年龄组：60 - 69岁、70 - 79岁以及80岁及以上。对样本进行了包括简短便携式精神状态问卷、CES-D、鲁本社交网络量表和卡茨ADL在内的一系列筛查。记录了当前的医疗疾病以及人口统计学数据。对于抑郁症状筛查呈阳性的人，CES-D评分与BBS评分之间存在显著关联。此外，CES-D评分与特定的医疗疾病、社交网络、ADL中的身体功能以及居住地点（城市与农村）之间存在显著关系。CES-D评分16分及以上的抑郁症状筛查呈阳性的居民（N = 19），与检测呈阴性的居民（N = 77）相比，高血压、动脉硬化和循环系统问题的发生率更高。筛查出抑郁症状呈阳性的城市居民（N = 13）比农村居民（N = 6）更多。在96名受访者中，约21%（N = 20）在鲁本社交网络量表上的得分在20分及以下，这表明这一组存在社交隔离“风险”。
