Short Susan E, Zacher Meghan
Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Annu Rev Sociol. 2022 Jul;48:277-298. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-030320-034200. Epub 2022 May 13.
Women's health, and what we know about it, are influenced by social factors. From the exclusion of women's bodies in medical research, to the silence and stigma of menstruation and menopause, to the racism reflected in maternal mortality, the relevance of social factors is paramount. After a brief history of research on women's health, we review selected patterns, trends, and inequalities in US women's health. These patterns reveal US women's poor and declining longevity relative to those in other high-income countries, gaps in knowledge about painful and debilitating conditions that affect millions of women, and deep inequalities that underscore the need to redress political and structural features of US society that enhance health for some and diminish it for others. We close by describing the challenges and opportunities for future research, and the promise of a social determinants of health approach for advancing a multilevel, intersectional, and biosocial understanding of women's health.
女性健康以及我们对其的认知受到社会因素的影响。从医学研究中对女性身体的排斥，到月经和更年期的沉默与污名化，再到孕产妇死亡率中反映出的种族主义，社会因素的相关性至关重要。在简要回顾女性健康研究的历史之后，我们审视了美国女性健康方面的特定模式、趋势和不平等现象。这些模式揭示了与其他高收入国家相比，美国女性寿命较短且呈下降趋势，在影响数百万女性的疼痛和使人衰弱的病症方面存在知识差距，以及深刻的不平等现象，这些不平等凸显了纠正美国社会政治和结构特征的必要性，这些特征使一些人的健康得到改善而使另一些人的健康受损。我们最后描述了未来研究的挑战与机遇，以及健康的社会决定因素方法在推进对女性健康的多层次、交叉性和生物社会理解方面的前景。
