Rohn R D
J Adolesc Health Care. 1985 Nov;6(6):429-32. doi: 10.1016/s0197-0070(85)80047-4.
Papilla (nipple) development was studied in 230 males (119 black, 111 white) aged 3-29 years to compare this development to the established criteria for sexual maturation. Comparison was also made with a previous study of female nipple development to determine whether or when any differences between male and female nipple development occurred. Our male subjects were further assessed to determine if nipple size differed in the presence or absence of gynecomastia. Significant nipple development occurred between pubic hair stages PH1 (diameter 2.8 mm), PH4 (4.4 mm), and PH5 (5.4 mm). Similarly, there was significant incremental growth between genital stages G1 (3.0 mm), G3 (4.6 mm), and G5 (5.5 mm). Nipple development was similar in both sexes through stage PH3, but significantly diverged at stage PH4 (p less than 0.000001) because of a marked increase in female nipple diameter. Boys with gynecomastia had a significantly larger nipple size than boys who had none (p less than 0.001). Differences in nipple diameter between the sexes and between boys with and without gynecomastia probably result from differences in estrogen levels. Perhaps in the future, it will be possible on the basis of nipple diameter to predict which adolescent boys will have persistent gynecomastia.
对230名年龄在3至29岁之间的男性（119名黑人，111名白人）的乳头发育情况进行了研究，以将这种发育情况与既定的性成熟标准进行比较。还与之前一项关于女性乳头发育的研究进行了对比，以确定男性和女性乳头发育之间是否存在差异以及何时出现差异。对我们的男性受试者进一步评估，以确定在有或没有男性乳房发育症的情况下乳头大小是否存在差异。在阴毛分期的PH1期（直径2.8毫米）、PH4期（4.4毫米）和PH5期（5.4毫米）之间出现了显著的乳头发育。同样，在生殖器分期的G1期（3.0毫米）、G3期（4.6毫米）和G5期（5.5毫米）之间也有显著的渐进性生长。在PH3期之前，两性的乳头发育情况相似，但在PH4期显著不同（p小于0.000001），原因是女性乳头直径明显增加。患有男性乳房发育症的男孩乳头尺寸明显大于没有该症状的男孩（p小于0.001）。两性之间以及有和没有男性乳房发育症的男孩之间乳头直径的差异可能是由雌激素水平的差异导致的。也许在未来，有可能根据乳头直径来预测哪些青春期男孩会患有持续性男性乳房发育症。
