Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Infect Immun. 2024 Jun 11;92(6):e0002024. doi: 10.1128/iai.00020-24. Epub 2024 May 22.
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), initially identified for its role in maintaining homeostasis, particularly in regulating brain function, has evolved into a complex orchestrator influencing various physiological processes beyond its original association with the nervous system. Notably, an expanding body of evidence emphasizes the ECS's crucial involvement in regulating immune responses. While the specific role of the ECS in bacterial infections remains under ongoing investigation, compelling indications suggest its active participation in host-pathogen interactions. Incorporating the ECS into the framework of bacterial pathogen infections introduces a layer of complexity to our understanding of its functions. While some studies propose the potential of cannabinoids to modulate bacterial function and immune responses, the outcomes inherently hinge on the specific infection and cannabinoid under consideration. Moreover, the bidirectional relationship between the ECS and the gut microbiota underscores the intricate interplay among diverse physiological processes. The ECS extends its influence far beyond its initial discovery, emerging as a promising therapeutic target across a spectrum of medical conditions, encompassing bacterial infections, dysbiosis, and sepsis. This review comprehensively explores the complex roles of the ECS in the modulation of bacteria, the host's response to bacterial infections, and the dynamics of the microbiome. Special emphasis is placed on the roles of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2, whose signaling intricately influences immune cell function in microbe-host interactions.
内源性大麻素系统（ECS）最初被确定在维持体内平衡方面发挥作用，特别是在调节大脑功能方面，但现已演变成一个复杂的协调系统，影响着许多生理过程，超出了其与神经系统的最初关联。值得注意的是，越来越多的证据强调了 ECS 在调节免疫反应中的关键作用。尽管 ECS 在细菌感染中的具体作用仍在不断研究中，但有力的迹象表明其积极参与宿主-病原体相互作用。将 ECS 纳入细菌病原体感染的框架中，增加了我们对其功能的理解的复杂性。虽然一些研究提出了大麻素调节细菌功能和免疫反应的潜力，但结果本质上取决于具体的感染和所考虑的大麻素。此外，ECS 与肠道微生物群之间的双向关系突出了各种生理过程之间错综复杂的相互作用。ECS 的影响远远超出了最初的发现，作为一种有前途的治疗靶点，在一系列医学病症中得到了广泛的应用，包括细菌感染、菌群失调和败血症。本综述全面探讨了 ECS 在调节细菌、宿主对细菌感染的反应以及微生物组动力学方面的复杂作用。特别强调了大麻素受体 1 型和 2 型的作用，它们的信号转导在微生物-宿主相互作用中对免疫细胞功能有着复杂的影响。
