Tlak Gajger Ivana, Bakarić Klara, Toplak Ivan, Šimenc Laura, Zajc Urška, Pislak Ocepek Metka
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Insects. 2024 May 13;15(5):350. doi: 10.3390/insects15050350.
Honeybee diseases are one of the most significant and most common causes of honeybee colonies' weakness and death. An early diagnosis of subclinical infections is necessary to implement precautionary and control measures. Sampling debris from hive bottom boards is simple, non-invasive, and cheap. In this study, we collected winter debris samples in apiaries located in the continental part of Croatia. We used molecular methods, PCR and qPCR, for the first time to analyze those samples. Laboratory results were compared with the health condition and strength of honeybee colonies at an apiary in spring. Our study successfully identified the presence and quantity of various pathogens, including the presence of spp. ( spp.), quintefied , Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), and Sacbrood Virus (SBV). However, our analysis did not detect , , , and . Samples of winter debris were also examined for the presence and quantification of the mites, and their natural mite fall was observed in spring. Honeybee colonies were simultaneously infected by an average of four to six pathogens. Some observed honeybee colonies developed characteristic symptoms, while others did not survive the winter.
蜜蜂疾病是导致蜂群衰弱和死亡的最重要且最常见的原因之一。对亚临床感染进行早期诊断对于实施预防和控制措施至关重要。从蜂箱底板采集碎片样本简单、无创且成本低廉。在本研究中，我们在克罗地亚大陆部分地区的养蜂场收集了冬季碎片样本。我们首次使用分子方法，即聚合酶链反应（PCR）和定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）来分析这些样本。将实验室结果与春季一个养蜂场中蜂群的健康状况和蜂群强度进行了比较。我们的研究成功鉴定出了多种病原体的存在及数量，包括 spp.（ spp.）、确诊的 、急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒（ABPV）、黑蜂王台病毒（BQCV）、残翅病毒（DWV）和囊状幼虫病毒（SBV）。然而，我们的分析未检测到 、 、 和 。还检查了冬季碎片样本中 螨的存在及数量，并在春季观察了它们的自然落螨情况。蜂群平均同时感染四到六种病原体。一些观察到的蜂群出现了特征性症状，而其他一些则未能度过冬季。
