Lee Hee Yul, Cho Du Yong, Kim Du Hyun, Park Jong-Hwan, Jeong Jong Bin, Jeon Se Hyeon, Lee Ji Ho, Ko Eun Jeong, Cho Kye Man, Lee Jin Hwan
Department of Green Bio Science and Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea.
Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-Daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 May 17;13(5):612. doi: 10.3390/antiox13050612.
The current research was the first to prove the existence of fluctuations in the metabolite constituents and antioxidant properties in different organs (leaves, stems, and roots) of the mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) plant during a two-month maturation period. Four metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, ginsenosides, and phenolic phytochemicals, exhibited considerable differences in organs and maturation times with the following order: leaves > stems > roots. The predominant metabolite contents were found in leaves, with fatty acid (1057.9 mg/100 g) on 31 May, amino acid (1989.2 mg/100 g) on 13 July, ginsenosides (88.7 mg/g) on 31 May, and phenolic phytochemical (638.3 μg/g) on 31 May. Interestingly, ginsenoside content in leaves were highest, with 84.8 → 88.7 → 82.2 → 78.3 mg/g. Specifically, ginsenosides Re, Rd, and F2 showed abundant content ranging from 19.1 to 16.9 mg/g, 8.5 to 14.8 mg/g, and 9.5 to 13.1 mg/g, respectively. Phenolic phytochemicals exhibited remarkable differences in organs compared to maturation periods, with the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content recorded at 9.48 GAE and 1.30 RE mg/g in leaves on 31 May. The antioxidant capacities on radical, FRAP, and DNA protection differed significantly, with leaves on 31 May exhibiting the highest values: 88.4% (DPPH), 89.5% (ABTS), 0.84 OD593 nm (FRAP) at 500 μg/mL, and 100% DNA protection at 50 μg/mL. Furthermore, principal cluster analysis revealed metabolite variability as follows: ginsenoside (83.3%) > amino acid (71.8%) > phenolic phytochemical (61.1%) > fatty acid (58.8%). A clustering heatmap highlighted significant changes in metabolite components under the maturation times for each organ. Our findings suggest that MCG leaves on 31 May may be a potential source for developing nutraceuticals, offering highly beneficial components and strong antioxidants.
当前的研究首次证明了山地种植人参（MCG）植物在两个月的成熟期内，其不同器官（叶、茎和根）中的代谢物成分和抗氧化特性存在波动。四种代谢物，包括脂肪酸、氨基酸、人参皂苷和酚类植物化学物质，在器官和成熟时间上表现出显著差异，顺序如下：叶＞茎＞根。主要代谢物含量在叶中被发现，5月31日的脂肪酸含量为1057.9毫克/100克，7月13日的氨基酸含量为1989.2毫克/100克，5月31日的人参皂苷含量为88.7毫克/克，5月31日的酚类植物化学物质含量为638.3微克/克。有趣的是，叶中的人参皂苷含量最高，分别为84.8→88.7→82.2→78.3毫克/克。具体而言，人参皂苷Re、Rd和F2的含量丰富，分别为19.1至16.9毫克/克、8.5至14.8毫克/克和9.5至13.1毫克/克。与成熟期相比，酚类植物化学物质在器官中表现出显著差异，5月31日叶中的总酚含量和总黄酮含量最高，分别为9.48毫克没食子酸当量/克和1.30毫克芦丁当量/克。自由基、FRAP和DNA保护方面的抗氧化能力差异显著，5月31日的叶表现出最高值：500微克/毫升时为88.4%（DPPH）、89.5%（ABTS）、0.84 OD593纳米（FRAP），50微克/毫升时为100%的DNA保护。此外，主聚类分析揭示了代谢物的变异性如下：人参皂苷（83.3%）＞氨基酸（71.8%）＞酚类植物化学物质（61.1%）＞脂肪酸（58.8%）。聚类热图突出了每个器官在成熟时间下代谢物成分的显著变化。我们的研究结果表明，5月31日的MCG叶可能是开发营养保健品的潜在来源，具有高度有益的成分和强大的抗氧化剂。
