School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
Br J Soc Psychol. 2024 Oct;63(4):1986-2010. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12769. Epub 2024 May 27.
Daily need satisfaction for relatedness (social connection), autonomy (volitional self-congruent action), and competence (self-efficacy) fosters well-being, but those findings primarily reflect experiences during social interactions. A three-week daily diary study (N = 178) explored psychological need satisfaction in two key everyday contexts: solitude and social. Holding constant the benefits of need-satisfying social contexts, autonomy satisfaction during solitude was key to peaceful affect, whereas competence satisfaction during solitude contributed to lower loneliness; both psychological needs in solitude contributed to evaluating the day as more satisfying. Relatedness-deficiency in solitude did not contribute to loneliness; instead, those who were relatedness-deficient in social interactions felt lonely. Further, need satisfaction in solitude compensated for deficient needs in social contexts, reducing loneliness (autonomy and relatedness) and increasing day satisfaction (all needs) when social contexts failed to satisfy needs. Findings suggest daily solitude can shape daily well-being and further attention is needed to understand and ultimately improve everyday solitude.
日常的关系需求（社交联系）、自主需求（意志与自我一致的行动）和能力需求（自我效能）的满足可以促进幸福感，但这些发现主要反映了社交互动过程中的体验。一项为期三周的日常日记研究（N=178）在两个关键的日常环境中探索了心理需求的满足：独处和社交。在考虑到满足需求的社交环境的好处的情况下，独处时的自主需求满足对于平静的情绪至关重要，而独处时的能力需求满足有助于降低孤独感；独处时的这两种心理需求都有助于对一天的评价更加满意。独处时的关系缺失不会导致孤独感；相反，在社交互动中感到关系缺失的人会感到孤独。此外，独处时的需求满足可以弥补社交环境中需求的不足，当社交环境无法满足需求时，减少孤独感（自主和关系）并增加对一天的满意度（所有需求）。研究结果表明，日常的独处可以塑造日常的幸福感，需要进一步关注以了解并最终改善日常的独处。
