Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1451:369-381. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_24.
Despite the significant advancement of new tools and technology in the field of medical biology and molecular biology, the challenges in the treatment of most cancer types remain constant with the problem of developing resistance toward drugs and no substantial enhancement in the overall survival rate of cancer patients. Immunotherapy has shown the most promising results in different clinical and preclinical trials in the treatment of various cancer due to its higher efficacy and minimum collateral damage in many cancer patients as compared to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. An oncolytic virus is a new class of immunotherapy that can selectively replicate in tumor cells and destroy them by the process of cell lysis while exerting minimum or no effect on a normal cell. Besides this, it can also activate the host's innate immune system, which generates an anti-tumor immune response to eliminate the tumor cells. Several wild types and genetically modified viruses have been investigated to show oncolytic behavior. Vaccinia virus has been studied extensively and tested for its promising oncolytic nature on various model systems and clinical trials. Recently, several engineered vaccinia viruses have been developed that express the desired genes encoded for selective penetration in tumor cells and enhanced activation of the immune system for generating anti-tumor immunity. However, further investigation is required to prove their potential and enhance their therapeutic efficacy.
尽管医学生物学和分子生物学领域的新工具和技术取得了重大进展，但大多数癌症类型的治疗仍然面临挑战，包括药物耐药性问题以及癌症患者总体生存率没有实质性提高。免疫疗法在不同的临床和临床前试验中显示出最有前途的结果，因为与传统的化疗和放疗相比，它在许多癌症患者中具有更高的疗效和最小的副作用。溶瘤病毒是一种新型的免疫疗法，可以在肿瘤细胞中选择性复制，并通过细胞裂解的过程破坏它们，而对正常细胞几乎没有影响或没有影响。此外，它还可以激活宿主的固有免疫系统，从而产生抗肿瘤免疫反应来消除肿瘤细胞。已经研究了几种野生型和基因修饰的病毒，以显示溶瘤特性。痘苗病毒已被广泛研究，并在各种模型系统和临床试验中测试其有前途的溶瘤特性。最近，已经开发了几种表达所需基因的工程化痘苗病毒，这些基因编码用于选择性穿透肿瘤细胞和增强免疫系统激活以产生抗肿瘤免疫的基因。然而，还需要进一步的研究来证明它们的潜力并提高它们的治疗效果。
