Ong Joshua, Carrabba Nicole V, Waisberg Ethan, Zaman Nasif, Memon Hamza, Panzo Nicholas, Lee Virginia A, Sarker Prithul, Vogt Ashtyn Z, Laylani Noor, Tavakkoli Alireza, Lee Andrew G
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Vision (Basel). 2024 May 17;8(2):35. doi: 10.3390/vision8020035.
The ability to make on-field, split-second decisions is critical for National Football League (NFL) game officials. Multiple principles in visual function are critical for accuracy and precision of these play calls, including foveation time and unobstructed line of sight, static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and sufficient visual field. Prior research has shown that a standardized curriculum in these neuro-ophthalmic principles have demonstrated validity and self-rated improvements in understanding, confidence, and likelihood of future utilization by NFL game officials to maximize visual performance during officiating. Virtual reality technology may also be able to help optimize understandings of specific neuro-ophthalmic principles and simulate real-life gameplay. Personal communication between authors and NFL officials and leadership have indicated that there is high interest in 3D virtual on-field training for NFL officiating. In this manuscript, we review the current and past research in this space regarding a neuro-ophthalmic curriculum for NFL officials. We then provide an overview our current visualization engineering process in taking real-life NFL gameplay 2D data and creating 3D environments for virtual reality gameplay training for football officials to practice plays that highlight neuro-ophthalmic principles. We then review in-depth the physiology behind these principles and discuss strategies to implement these principles into virtual reality for football officiating.
对于美国国家橄榄球联盟（NFL）的比赛官员来说，在球场上做出瞬间决策的能力至关重要。视觉功能的多个原理对于这些判罚的准确性和精确性至关重要，包括注视时间和无遮挡的视线、静态视力、动态视力、前庭眼反射以及足够的视野。先前的研究表明，这些神经眼科原理的标准化课程已证明其有效性，并且NFL比赛官员在理解、信心以及未来应用的可能性方面进行了自我评估，以在裁判过程中最大限度地提高视觉表现。虚拟现实技术也可能有助于优化对特定神经眼科原理的理解，并模拟真实的比赛场景。作者与NFL官员及领导层的个人交流表明，人们对用于NFL裁判的3D虚拟场上训练非常感兴趣。在本手稿中，我们回顾了该领域目前和过去关于NFL官员神经眼科课程的研究。然后，我们概述了当前的可视化工程过程，即将真实的NFL比赛二维数据转化为三维环境，用于足球裁判的虚拟现实比赛训练，以练习突出神经眼科原理的判罚。接着，我们深入回顾这些原理背后的生理学，并讨论将这些原理应用于足球裁判虚拟现实的策略。
