Department of General Surgery, Dr. YSR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada 520008, India.
Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
Med Sci (Basel). 2024 May 22;12(2):28. doi: 10.3390/medsci12020028.
mRNA vaccines have emerged as an optimistic technological platform for vaccine innovation in this new scientific era. mRNA vaccines have dramatically altered the domain of vaccinology by offering a versatile and rapid approach to combating infectious diseases and virus-induced cancers. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy rates of 94-95% in preventing COVID-19, and mRNA vaccines have been increasingly recognized as a powerful vaccine platform. Although mRNA vaccines have played an essential role in the COVID-19 pandemic, they still have several limitations; their instability and degradation affect their storage, delivery, and over-all efficiency. mRNA is typically enclosed in a transport mechanism to facilitate its entry into the target cell because it is an unstable and negatively charged molecule. For instance, mRNA that is given using lipid-nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems (LNPs) solely enters cells through endocytosis, establishing an endosome without damaging the cell membrane. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of mRNA vaccine platforms used to treat and prevent several infectious diseases. This technology has the potential to change the future course of the disease by providing a safe and effective way to combat infectious diseases and cancer. A single-stranded genetic sequence found in mRNA vaccines instructs host cells to produce proteins inside ribosomes to elicit immunological responses and prepare the immune system to fight infections or cancer cells. The potential applications of mRNA vaccine technology are vast and can lead to the development of a preferred vaccine pattern. As a result, a new generation of vaccinations has gradually gained popularity and access to the general population. To adapt the design of an antigen, and even combine sequences from different variations in response to new changes in the viral genome, mRNA vaccines may be used. Current mRNA vaccines provide adequate safety and protection, but the duration of that protection can only be determined if further clinical research is conducted.
mRNA 疫苗在这个新的科学时代已经成为疫苗创新的一个充满希望的技术平台。mRNA 疫苗通过提供一种针对传染病和病毒诱导癌症的多功能和快速方法，极大地改变了疫苗学领域。临床试验表明，在预防 COVID-19 方面，mRNA 疫苗的有效率为 94-95%，并且越来越被认为是一种强大的疫苗平台。虽然 mRNA 疫苗在 COVID-19 大流行中发挥了重要作用，但它们仍然存在一些局限性；其不稳定性和降解会影响其储存、传递和整体效率。mRNA 通常被包裹在一种运输机制中，以促进其进入靶细胞，因为它是一种不稳定和带负电荷的分子。例如，使用基于脂质纳米颗粒的疫苗传递系统 (LNPs) 给予的 mRNA 仅通过内吞作用进入细胞，在不破坏细胞膜的情况下建立内体。COVID-19 大流行加速了用于治疗和预防几种传染病的 mRNA 疫苗平台的发展。这项技术有可能通过提供一种安全有效的方法来对抗传染病和癌症，从而改变疾病的未来进程。mRNA 疫苗中发现的单链遗传序列指示宿主细胞在核糖体中产生蛋白质，以引发免疫反应并使免疫系统为对抗感染或癌细胞做好准备。mRNA 疫苗技术的潜在应用是广泛的，可以导致首选疫苗模式的发展。因此，新一代疫苗逐渐受到欢迎并为大众所接受。为了适应抗原的设计，甚至可以结合不同变体的序列，以应对病毒基因组的新变化，mRNA 疫苗可能会被使用。目前的 mRNA 疫苗提供了足够的安全性和保护，但如果进行进一步的临床研究，才能确定这种保护的持续时间。
