Dos Santos Elizabete A, Cavalheiro Lígia Araújo Martini, Rodrigues Daniela, Machado-Rodrigues Aristides, Silva Maria-Raquel, Nogueira Helena, Padez Cristina
Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Am J Hum Biol. 2024 Sep;36(9):e24109. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.24109. Epub 2024 May 28.
To investigate the association among sun exposure time, vitamin D intake, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic status in Portuguese children.
Participants aged 3-11 years (50.1% females) were recruited from public and private schools (n = 118) in the districts of Coimbra (n = 2980), Lisbon (n = 3066), and Porto (n = 2426). Parents reported their children's daily sun exposure time during the summer season and reported children's food consumption, including vitamin D food sources, using standardized questionnaires. Parents' education level was used as a proxy measure to the socioeconomic status (SES). The principal component factor analysis (PCA) method was used to identify dietary patterns. The eight dietary patterns identified were labeled in: "fast food", "rich in vitamin D", "sugary drinks", "vitamin D", "candies", "supplements", "rich in calcium" and "vegetables/healthy". Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sun exposure time and dietary patterns according to SES.
A total of 4755 children were included. Children from high SES had significantly longer sun exposure time (p < .001) and more frequently consumed vitamin D supplements (p < .001). "Fast food" pattern showed a negative association with sun exposure time in medium and high SES (p = .014 and p < .001, respectively).
Children with lower SES spend less time exposed to the sun, consume fewer dietary sources of vitamin D, and consume more foods rich in fat and sugar.
调查葡萄牙儿童的日照时间、维生素D摄入量、饮食模式和社会经济地位之间的关联。
从科英布拉区（n = 2980）、里斯本（n = 3066）和波尔图（n = 2426）的公立和私立学校（n = 118）招募了3至11岁的参与者（女性占50.1%）。家长通过标准化问卷报告孩子夏季的每日日照时间，并报告孩子的食物消费情况，包括维生素D食物来源。家长的教育水平被用作社会经济地位（SES）的替代指标。采用主成分因子分析（PCA）方法确定饮食模式。确定的八种饮食模式分别标记为：“快餐”、“富含维生素D”、“含糖饮料”、“维生素D”、“糖果”、“补充剂”、“富含钙”和“蔬菜/健康”。进行线性回归分析以研究根据SES划分的日照时间与饮食模式之间的关联。
共纳入4755名儿童。高SES儿童的日照时间明显更长（p <.001），且更频繁地服用维生素D补充剂（p <.001）。“快餐”模式与中高SES儿童的日照时间呈负相关（分别为p = 0.014和p <.001）。
SES较低的儿童晒太阳时间较少，维生素D的饮食来源较少，而高脂肪和高糖食物的摄入量较多。
