Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Division of Exercise and Movement Science, Institute for Sport Science, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 May 29;9(1):138. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01841-0.
Despite substantial evidence emphasizing the pleiotropic benefits of exercise for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Several exercise benefits have been attributed to signaling molecules that are released in response to exercise by different tissues such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose, and liver tissue. These signaling molecules, which are collectively termed exerkines, form a heterogenous group of bioactive substances, mediating inter-organ crosstalk as well as structural and functional tissue adaption. Numerous scientific endeavors have focused on identifying and characterizing new biological mediators with such properties. Additionally, some investigations have focused on the molecular targets of exerkines and the cellular signaling cascades that trigger adaption processes. A detailed understanding of the tissue-specific downstream effects of exerkines is crucial to harness the health-related benefits mediated by exercise and improve targeted exercise programs in health and disease. Herein, we review the current in vivo evidence on exerkine-induced signal transduction across multiple target tissues and highlight the preventive and therapeutic value of exerkine signaling in various diseases. By emphasizing different aspects of exerkine research, we provide a comprehensive overview of (i) the molecular underpinnings of exerkine secretion, (ii) the receptor-dependent and receptor-independent signaling cascades mediating tissue adaption, and (iii) the clinical implications of these mechanisms in disease prevention and treatment.
尽管有大量证据强调了运动对预防和治疗各种疾病的多效益处，但其中的生物学机制尚未完全阐明。运动对不同组织（如骨骼肌、心肌、脂肪组织和肝脏组织）释放的信号分子有多种益处。这些信号分子被统称为“运动因子”，它们形成了一组异质的生物活性物质，介导器官间的串扰以及结构和功能组织适应。许多科学研究都集中在识别和描述具有这些特性的新生物学介质上。此外，一些研究还集中在运动因子的分子靶点和触发适应过程的细胞信号级联上。详细了解运动因子在特定组织中的下游效应对于利用运动介导的健康益处以及改善健康和疾病中的靶向运动计划至关重要。在此，我们综述了运动因子在多个靶组织中诱导信号转导的最新体内证据，并强调了运动因子信号在各种疾病中的预防和治疗价值。通过强调运动因子研究的不同方面，我们全面概述了（i）运动因子分泌的分子基础，（ii）介导组织适应的受体依赖和受体非依赖信号级联，以及（iii）这些机制在疾病预防和治疗中的临床意义。
