Griffin Greg P, Jiao Junfeng
University of Texas, Austin, and a researcher with the Texas A&M Transportation Institute.
University of Texas, Austin.
J Am Plann Assoc. 2019;85(1):35-48. doi: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1476174. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
Planners increasingly involve stakeholders in co-producing vital planning information by crowdsourcing data using online map-based commenting platforms. Few studies, however, investigate the role and impact of such online platforms on planning outcomes. We evaluate the impact of participant input via a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), a platform to suggest the placement of new bike share stations in New York City (NY) and Chicago (IL). We conducted 2 analyses to evaluate how close planners built new bike share stations to those suggested on PPGIS platforms. According to our proximity analysis, only a small percentage of built stations were within 100 feet (30m) of suggested stations, but our geospatial analysis showed a substantial clustering of suggested and built stations in both cities that was not likely due to random distribution. We found that the PPGIS platforms have great promise for creating genuine co-production of planning knowledge and insights and that system planners did take account of the suggestions offered online. We did not, however, interview planners in either system, and both cities may be atypical, as is bike share planning; moreover, multiple factors influence where bike stations can be located, so not all suggested stations could be built.
Planners can use PPGIS and similar platforms to help stakeholders learn by doing and to increase their own local knowledge to improve planning outcomes. Planners should work to develop better online participatory systems and to allow stakeholders to provide more and better data, continuing to evaluate PPGIS efforts to improve the transparency and legitimacy of online public involvement processes.
问题、研究策略与发现：规划者越来越多地通过使用基于在线地图的评论平台众包数据，让利益相关者共同参与重要规划信息的制作。然而，很少有研究调查此类在线平台在规划成果中的作用和影响。我们通过一个公众参与地理信息系统（PPGIS）评估参与者输入的影响，该平台用于在纽约市（NY）和芝加哥（IL）建议新的共享单车停放点。我们进行了两项分析，以评估规划者建设的新共享单车停放点与PPGIS平台上建议的停放点的接近程度。根据我们的邻近度分析，只有一小部分已建成的停放点距离建议的停放点在100英尺（30米）以内，但我们的地理空间分析表明，在这两个城市中，建议的停放点和已建成的停放点都有大量聚集，这不太可能是随机分布造成的。我们发现，PPGIS平台在创造真正的规划知识和见解的共同制作方面具有很大潜力，并且系统规划者确实考虑了在线提供的建议。然而，我们没有采访这两个系统中的规划者，而且这两个城市可能都不具有代表性，共享单车规划也是如此；此外，有多个因素影响自行车停放点的选址，所以并非所有建议的停放点都能建成。
规划者可以使用PPGIS和类似平台来帮助利益相关者通过实践学习，并增加他们自己的本地知识，以改善规划成果。规划者应努力开发更好的在线参与系统，并允许利益相关者提供更多更好的数据，继续评估PPGIS的工作，以提高在线公众参与过程的透明度和合法性。
