Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Jul 1;279:116518. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116518. Epub 2024 May 30.
Microplastics (MP) can influence a plethora of fungal species within the rhizosphere. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the direct impacts of MPs on soil fungi and their intricate interplay with plants. Here, we investigated the impact of polyethylene microspheres (PEMS) on the ecological interactions between Fusarium solani, a plant pathogenic fungus, and Trichoderma viride, a fungal plant growth promotor, within the rhizosphere of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Spores of F. solani and T. viride were pre-incubated with PEMS at two concentrations, 100 and 1000 mg L. Mycelium growth, sporulation, spore germination, and elongation were evaluated. Tomato seeds were exposed to fungal spore suspensions treated with PEMS, and plant development was subsequently assessed after 4 days. The results showed that PEMS significantly enhanced the sporulation (106.0 % and 70.1 %) but compromised the spore germination (up to 27.3 % and 32.2 %) and radial growth (up to -5.2% and -21.7 %) of F. solani and T. viride, respectively. Furthermore, the 100 and 1000 mg L concentrations of PEMS significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the mycelium density of T. viride (9.74 % and 22.30 %, respectively), and impaired the germ-tube elongation of F. solani after 4 h (16.16 % and 11.85 %, respectively) and 8 h (4 % and 17.10 %, respectively). In addition, PEMS amplified the pathogenicity of F. solani and boosted the bio-enhancement effect of T. viride on tomato root growth. Further, PEMS enhanced the bio-fungicidal effect of T. viride toward F. solani (p<0.05). In summary, PEMS had varying effects on F. solani and T. viride, impacting their interactions and influencing their relationship with tomato plants. It intensified the beneficial effects of T. viride and increased the aggressiveness of F. solani. This study highlights concerns regarding the effects of MPs on fungal interactions in the rhizosphere, which are essential for crop soil colonization and resource utilization.
微塑料（MP）可以影响根际中的大量真菌物种。然而，关于 MPs 对土壤真菌的直接影响及其与植物的复杂相互作用的研究很少。在这里，我们研究了聚乙烯微球（PEMS）对植物病原菌茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）和真菌植物生长促进剂淡紫拟青霉（Trichoderma viride）在番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）根际生态相互作用的影响。将 F. solani 和 T. viride 的孢子分别在 100 和 1000mg/L 两种浓度的 PEMS 中预孵育，评估菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发和伸长。将番茄种子暴露于用 PEMS 处理的真菌孢子悬浮液中，然后在 4 天后评估植物的发育情况。结果表明，PEMS 显著增强了 F. solani（分别为 106.0%和 70.1%）和 T. viride（分别为 70.1%和 32.2%）的产孢，但分别损害了孢子萌发（高达 27.3%和 32.2%）和径向生长（高达-5.2%和-21.7%）。此外，100 和 1000mg/L 的 PEMS 浓度显著（p<0.05）增强了 T. viride 的菌丝密度（分别为 9.74%和 22.30%），并在 4h（分别为 16.16%和 11.85%）和 8h（分别为 4%和 17.10%）后损害了 F. solani 的芽管伸长。此外，PEMS 放大了 F. solani 的致病性，并增强了 T. viride 对番茄根生长的生物增强效应。此外，PEMS 增强了 T. viride 对 F. solani 的生物杀菌作用（p<0.05）。总之，PEMS 对 F. solani 和 T. viride 有不同的影响，影响它们的相互作用并影响它们与番茄植物的关系。它增强了 T. viride 的有益作用并增加了 F. solani 的侵略性。本研究强调了 MPs 对根际真菌相互作用的影响，这对于作物土壤定殖和资源利用至关重要。
