Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, 22042, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Sep 1;356:124287. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124287. Epub 2024 May 30.
Acadia National Park (ANP) is located on Mt. Desert Island, ME on the U.S. Atlantic coast. ANP is routinely a top-ten most popular National Park with over four million visits in 2022. The overall contribution and negative effects of long-range atmospheric transport and local sources of dioxin-like contaminants endangering natural and wildlife resources is unknown. Dioxin-like (DL) contaminants polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (∑PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (∑PCDF), non-ortho coplanar PCBs (∑CP4), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (∑PCNs) were measured at the McFarland Hill air monitoring station (44.37N, 68.26W). On a mass/volume basis, total PCNs averaged 90.9 % (788 fg/m) of DL contaminants measured annually, with 92.9 % of the collected total in the vapor-phase. Alternatively, total dioxin/furans (∑PCDD/Fs) represented 71.6 % of the total toxic equivalence (∑TEQ) (1.018 fg-TEQ/m), with 69.7 % in the particulate-phase. Maximum concentrations measured for individual sampling events for ∑PCDD/F, ∑CP4, and ∑PCN were 159 (winter), 139 (summer), and 2100 (autumn), fg/m respectively. Whereas the maximum ∑TEQ concentrations for individual sampling events for ∑PCDD/F, ∑CP4, and ∑PCN were 2.8 (autumn), 0.38 (summer), and 0.71 (autumn), fg-TEQ/m respectively. Pearson correlations were calculated for ∑PCDD/Fs and ∑PCN particulate/vapor-phase air concentrations and PM wood smoke "indicator" species. The most significant correlations were observed in autumn for particulate-phase ∑PCDD/Fs suggesting a relationship between visitation-generated combustion sources (campfires and/or waste burning) or climate-change mediated forest fires. Significant Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) correlations observed for particulate-phase ∑PCDDs (r = 0.567) as ambient temperatures decreased suggests a connection between localized domestic heating sources or visitor-based burning of wood/trash resources. Alternatively, highly significant C-C vapor-phase ∑CP4-PCBs correlations (r = 0.815) implies that the majority of ∑CP4-PCB loading to ANP is from long-range atmospheric transport processes. Based on these findings, Acadia National Park should be classified as a remote site with minor depositional impacts from ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑CP4-PCBs, and ∑PCN atmospheric transport or local diffuse sources.
阿卡迪亚国家公园（Acadia National Park，简称 ANP）位于美国大西洋沿岸的缅因州德特岛山（Mt. Desert Island）上。该公园通常是全美十大最受欢迎的国家公园之一，2022 年接待游客超过 400 万人次。目前还不清楚远距离大气传输和当地二恶英类污染物源对自然和野生动物资源造成的总体影响和负面影响。在麦克法兰山空气监测站（44.37N，68.26W）测量了二恶英类（DL）污染物多氯二苯并对二恶英（∑PCDD）和多氯二苯并呋喃（∑PCDF）、非共平面同系物多氯联苯（∑CP4）和多氯萘（∑PCNs）。基于质量/体积，每年测量的 DL 污染物中总 PCNs 平均占 90.9%（788 fg/m），收集的总量中有 92.9%存在于气相中。或者，总二恶英/呋喃（∑PCDD/Fs）占总毒性当量（∑TEQ）的 71.6%（1.018 fg-TEQ/m），其中 69.7%存在于颗粒物相中。个别采样事件中∑PCDD/F、∑CP4 和∑PCN 的最大浓度分别为 159（冬季）、139（夏季）和 2100（秋季）， fg/m。个别采样事件中∑PCDD/F、∑CP4 和∑PCN 的最大∑TEQ 浓度分别为 2.8（秋季）、0.38（夏季）和 0.71（秋季）， fg-TEQ/m。对∑PCDD/Fs 和∑PCN 颗粒物/气相空气浓度和 PM 木质烟雾“指示”物种进行了皮尔逊相关性计算。秋季观察到∑PCDD/Fs 和∑PCN 颗粒物相之间最显著的相关性，表明游客产生的燃烧源（营火和/或废物燃烧）或气候变化介导的森林火灾之间存在关系。在∑PCDD 颗粒物相中观察到显著的克劳修斯-克拉佩龙（C-C）相关性（r = 0.567），随着环境温度的降低，表明局部家用加热源或游客燃烧木材/垃圾资源之间存在联系。或者，∑CP4-PCBs 气相中的高度显著 C-C 相关性（r = 0.815）意味着 ANP 中∑CP4-PCB 的大部分负荷来自远距离大气传输过程。基于这些发现，阿卡迪亚国家公园应被归类为偏远地区，其∑PCDD/Fs、∑CP4-PCBs 和∑PCN 大气传输或当地弥散源的沉积影响较小。
