Mshelbwala Philip P, Rupprecht Charles E, Osinubi Modupe O, Njoga Emmanuel O, Orum Terese G, Weese J Scott, Clark Nicholas J
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.
Department of Primary Industries, NSW, Australia.
One Health. 2024 May 10;18:100751. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100751. eCollection 2024 Jun.
Rabies perpetuates in Nigeria despite initiatives like the Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement Project, with evidence indicating suboptimal canine vaccination rates as a contributing factor. To inform effective planning of mass dog vaccination campaigns, it is crucial to understand the factors associated with variation in canine vaccination rates. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2022 to understand factors associated with canine vaccination. We used stratified random sampling of the streets and dog-owning households to survey 4162 households from three states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). We then built a joint probabilistic model to understand factors associated with dog vaccination and non-vaccination. First, we modelled rabies knowledge as a latent variable indirectly measured with several targeted survey questions. This method allowed a respondent's unobserved understanding of rabies to be estimated using their responses to a collection of survey questions that targeted different aspects of rabies epidemiology and took various possible response distributions (i.e., ordinal, categorical, binary). Second, we modelled factors influencing pet owners' decisions to vaccinate their dogs against rabies and barriers to dog vaccination among dog owners whose dogs were not vaccinated against rabies. Posterior distributions revealed that the probability of dog vaccination was positively associated with the owner's latent knowledge of rabies, civil servant service employment, residence in the FCT, ownership of a single dog, providing care to dogs, and a preference for contemporary treatment following a dog bite. Conversely, non-vaccination was positively associated with private employment, residing in Anambra and Enugu states, owning multiple dogs, allowing dogs to search for leftovers, and a preference for traditional treatment after a dog bite. Cost was the primary barrier against vaccination for dog owners in Anambra and Enugu, while mistrust posed a major challenge for those in the FCT. Owners in areas with veterinary establishments cited cost as a barrier, while those without a veterinary establishment cited access as the primary barrier. Our study underscores the need to enhance rabies knowledge, tailor vaccination campaigns to specific demographics, address financial and access barriers, and combat hesitancy to improve rabies vaccination rates in Nigeria.
尽管实施了诸如区域疾病监测系统强化项目等举措，但狂犬病在尼日利亚仍持续存在，有证据表明犬类疫苗接种率未达最佳水平是一个促成因素。为了为大规模犬类疫苗接种运动的有效规划提供信息，了解与犬类疫苗接种率变化相关的因素至关重要。我们在2022年进行了一项横断面研究，以了解与犬类疫苗接种相关的因素。我们对街道和养狗家庭进行分层随机抽样，对来自三个州和联邦首都地区（FCT）的4162户家庭进行了调查。然后，我们建立了一个联合概率模型，以了解与犬类疫苗接种和未接种相关的因素。首先，我们将狂犬病知识建模为一个潜在变量，通过几个有针对性的调查问题进行间接测量。这种方法允许使用受访者对一系列针对狂犬病流行病学不同方面并采用各种可能反应分布（即有序、分类、二元）的调查问题的回答来估计其对狂犬病的未观察到的理解。其次，我们对影响宠物主人决定为其狗接种狂犬病疫苗的因素以及未给狗接种狂犬病疫苗的狗主人中存在的犬类疫苗接种障碍进行了建模。后验分布显示，犬类疫苗接种的概率与主人对狂犬病的潜在知识、公务员职业、居住在联邦首都地区、拥有单只狗、照顾狗以及在狗咬伤后对现代治疗的偏好呈正相关。相反，未接种疫苗与私人职业、居住在阿南布拉州和埃努古州、拥有多只狗、允许狗寻找剩饭以及在狗咬伤后对传统治疗的偏好呈正相关。成本是阿南布拉州和埃努古州狗主人接种疫苗的主要障碍，而不信任对联邦首都地区的狗主人构成了重大挑战。有兽医机构地区的主人将成本视为障碍，而没有兽医机构地区的主人则将获取疫苗视为主要障碍。我们的研究强调，需要加强狂犬病知识，针对特定人群开展疫苗接种运动，解决财务和获取障碍，并消除犹豫情绪，以提高尼日利亚的狂犬病疫苗接种率。
