Betai Dhruva, Ahmed Aamina S, Saxena Prerna, Rashid Hurria, Patel Happy, Shahzadi Atika, Mowo-Wale Adetola G, Nazir Zahra
General Practice, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot, IND.
Internal Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
Cureus. 2024 May 5;16(5):e59663. doi: 10.7759/cureus.59663. eCollection 2024 May.
Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the primary cause of death, and there are notable differences between sexes when it comes to symptoms/course and treatment. Due to evolving healthcare technologies, significant progress has been made in understanding CVDs. Hence, it is evident that gender disparities exist in the clinical presentation, prevalence, management, outcomes, and risk factors, including biological, behavioral, and sociocultural factors. This narrative review is designed to provide a generalized idea of gender disparities in CVDs. It aims to provide insights to prove the role of hormonal influences, genetic predispositions, and the difference in physiological outcomes owing to different genders. This review explores subtle distinctions in CVD across genders, including changes in structure, biology, and hormones that affect how illness presents and progresses. Lifestyle variables also influence sociocultural factors and gender disparities in risk profiles. Traditional risk factors, diabetes mellitus (DM), cholesterol levels, and smoking may have different weights and relevance in men and women. Moreover, age and other conventional risk variables have distinct effects on gender. Treatment efficacy may be impacted by the expression of gender-specific factors, emphasizing the necessity for customized strategies. Development of CVDs can be delayed or prevented, and its consequences can be lessened with the early identification and effective management of gender-specific factors. More investigation is necessary to clarify complex interactions between structural, biochemical, and hormonal aspects across genders in order to maximize treatment results and reduce the burden of CVDs.
在全球范围内，心血管疾病（CVDs）仍然是主要的死亡原因，在症状/病程及治疗方面存在显著的性别差异。由于医疗技术的不断发展，在理解心血管疾病方面已取得了重大进展。因此，很明显在临床表现、患病率、管理、治疗结果及风险因素（包括生物、行为和社会文化因素）方面存在性别差异。这篇叙述性综述旨在提供心血管疾病中性别差异的总体概念。其目的是提供见解，以证明激素影响、遗传易感性以及由于不同性别导致的生理结果差异所起的作用。本综述探讨了心血管疾病在不同性别之间的细微差别，包括影响疾病表现和进展方式的结构、生物学及激素变化。生活方式变量也会影响社会文化因素以及风险特征中的性别差异。传统风险因素、糖尿病（DM）、胆固醇水平及吸烟在男性和女性中可能具有不同的权重和相关性。此外，年龄和其他传统风险变量对性别有不同影响。治疗效果可能会受到性别特异性因素表达的影响，这强调了制定个性化策略的必要性。通过早期识别和有效管理性别特异性因素，可以延缓或预防心血管疾病的发展，并减轻其后果。为了使治疗效果最大化并减轻心血管疾病的负担，需要进行更多研究以阐明不同性别在结构、生化和激素方面的复杂相互作用。
